Structures of processors for calculating the instant Walsh spectrum

Работа посвящена разработке схем процессоров быстрого преобразования Уолша (БПУ) последовательно-параллельного типа. Процессоры БПУ предназначены для декодирования помехоустойчивых кодов и синхронизации, их использование позволяет снизить затраты при вычислении мгновенного спектра по Уолшу практически в 2 раза. Класс процессоров для вычисления мгновенного спектра по Уолшу назван процессорами последовательно-параллельного типа. Разработаны схемы процессоров БПУ последовательно-параллельного типа. Произведен сравнительный анализ построенных графов процессоров БПУ. Предложен способ и процессор для вычисления коэффициентов преобразования по Уолшу, позволяющий увеличить скорость производимых преобразований. При вычислении коэффициентов преобразования с помощью процессоров параллельного, последовательного и последовательно-параллельного типов было установлено, что процессоры БПУ последовательно-параллельного типа требуют при вычислении мгновенного спектра по Уолшу выполнения 2(N–1) операций. Полученные результаты могут быть использованы при проектировании устройств обработки дискретной информации, в телекоммуникационных системах при кодировании сигналов для их помехозащищенной передачи и декодировании, обеспечивающем оптимальное количество операций, а следовательно, оптимальные аппаратурные затраты. The work is devoted to the development of circuits for fast Walsh transform processors of the serial- parallel type. The fast Walsh transform processors are designed for decoding error-correcting codes and synchronization; their use can reduce the cost of calculating the instantaneous Walsh spectrum by almost 2 times. The class of processors for computing the instantaneous spectrum according to Walsh is called serial- parallel processors. Circuits of the fast Walsh transform processors of serial-parallel type have been developed. A comparative analysis of the constructed graphs of the fast Walsh transform processors is carried out. A method and a processor for calculating the Walsh transform coefficients are proposed, which allows increasing the speed of the transformations performed. When calculating the conversion coefficients using processors of parallel, serial and serial-parallel types, it was found that controllers of the serial-parallel type require 2(N–1) operations when calculating the instantaneous spectrum according to Walsh. The results obtained can be used in the design of discrete information processing devices, in telecommunication systems when coding signals for their noise-immune transmission and decoding, which ensures the optimal number of operations, and therefore the optimal hardware costs

Haemoptysis as Complication of Wire-Guided Pulmonary Vein Orifice Cryoballoon Ablation in Complex Anatomy: a Clinical Case Series

Background. Cryoballoon ablation of pulmonary vein orifices is an effective measure in atrial fibrillation but associates with risks of interventional complications, including haemoptysis. The described clinical case series presents novel evidence to revisit the complication sources.Materials and methods. Four haemoptysis-complicated cryoballoon ablations of pulmonary vein orifice have been analysed retrospectively. Interventions completed in a common clinical protocol with no additional postoperative complications.Results. Fluoroscopy revealed a loop-formed balloon-supporting end of guidewire located in peripheral lower lobe of right lung. Postoperative chest computed tomography also depicted the main lung blood volume confined in right lower lobe, thus indicating pulmonary damage by the guidewire.Discussion. Pulmonary vein anatomy is diverse and can greatly sophisticate the cryoballoon ablation procedure with a peculiar balloon navigation in left atrium. An optimal pulmonary vein orifice occlusion can be attained with guidewire, albeit incurring complications in form of haemoptysis.Conclusions. The appliance advancement towards lung periphery associates with a higher risk of haemoptysis and bleeding. Perioperative haemoptysis and bleeding are most likely associated with mechanical injury to minor veins and require further investigation

Сжатие изображений с использованием функций Уолша

Currently, image transfer and storage require compression. In this article, the hybrid compression algorithm is used for color/black and white images. It includes the discrete wavelet transformation and the Walsh transformation that is used for quantization. The Walsh transform coefficients are quantized and arithmetically encoded. At the output, the combined data is compressed and can be stored on any device or transmitted over any available network in the shortest time. The compressed image is decoded and the original image is decompressed using the inverse conversion operation.В настоящее время для передачи и хранения изображений необходимо их сжатие. В статье предлагается алгоритм гибридного сжатия, применяемый как для цветных, так и для черно-белых изображений. Он включает в себя дискретное вейвлет-преобразование и преобразование Уолша, которое используется для квантования. Коэффициенты преобразования Уолша квантуются и подвергаются арифметическому кодированию. На выходе объединенные данные находятся в сжатой форме и могут храниться на любом устройстве либо быть переданы через любую доступную сеть за самое короткое время. Сжатое изображение декодируется, и происходит декомпрессия исходного изображения с помощью операции обратного преобразования

Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Crosstalk between Histamine, Immunity, and Disease

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is increasingly recognized as a serious, worldwide public health concern. It is generally acknowledged that a variety of factors play a role in the pathogenesis of this group of chronic inflammatory diseases. The diversity of molecular actors involved in IBD does not allow us to fully assess the causal relationships existing in such interactions. Given the high immunomodulatory activity of histamine and the complex immune-mediated nature of inflammatory bowel disease, the role of histamine and its receptors in the gut may be significant. This paper has been prepared to provide a schematic of the most important and possible molecular signaling pathways related to histamine and its receptors and to assess their relevance for the development of therapeutic approaches

Hypoxia and Intestinal Inflammation: Common Molecular Mechanisms and Signaling Pathways

The gastrointestinal tract (GI) has a unique oxygenation profile. It should be noted that the state of hypoxia can be characteristic of both normal and pathological conditions. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF) play a key role in mediating the response to hypoxia, and they are tightly regulated by a group of enzymes called HIF prolyl hydroxylases (PHD). In this review, we discuss the involvement of inflammation hypoxia and signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and elaborate in detail on the role of HIF in multiple immune reactions during intestinal inflammation. We emphasize the critical influence of tissue microenvironment and highlight the existence of overlapping functions and immune responses mediated by the same molecular mechanisms. Finally, we also provide an update on the development of corresponding therapeutic approaches that would be useful for treatment or prophylaxis of inflammatory bowel disease

MEDICINAL LUNG INJURY: CLINICAL OBSERVATION

Presented clinical case is a classical version of «amiodarone lung» in patient taking inadequate doses of the drug, probably, according to the scenario of acute clinical course</p