Measurement-assisted non-Gaussian gate for Schr\"odinger cat states preparation: Fock resource state versus cubic phase state

In this paper, we consider the preparation of Schr\"odinger cat states using a measurement-assisted gate based on the Fock resource state, the quantum non-demolition (QND) entangling operation, and the homodyne measurement. Previously we have investigated the gate, which for the same goal uses the ancillary non-Gaussian cubic phase state generated from quadrature squeezed states at realistic (finite) squeezing. It is of evident interest to compare the efficiency of both schemes, that is, their ability to produce cat-like superpositions with high fidelity and probability of success. We introduce, in parallel with the exact theoretical description of the gate operation, a clear visual interpretation of the output state based on the semiclassical mapping of the input field variables. The emergence of the superpositions of copies of the input state in both schemes is due to the fact that such mapping is compatible with two (or, in general, more) sets of values of the output field observables. We demonstrate that even fine details of the output of both gates are effectively predicted and interpreted in our approach. We examine the fidelity and success probability and reveal the ranges of physical parameters where the Fock state-based and the cubic phase state-based gates demonstrate comparable fidelity and (or) probability of success.Comment: 11 pages, 9 figure

Theory of high harmonic generation in relativistic laser interaction with overdense plasma

High harmonic generation due to the interaction of a short ultra relativistic laser pulse with overdense plasma is studied analytically and numerically. On the basis of the ultra relativistic similarity theory we show that the high harmonic spectrum is universal, i.e. it does not depend on the interaction details. The spectrum includes the power law part $I_n\propto n^{-8/3}$ for $n<\sqrt{8\alpha}\gamma_{\max}^3$, followed by exponential decay. Here $\gamma_{\max}$ is the largest relativistic $\gamma$-factor of the plasma surface and $\alpha$ is the second derivative of the surface velocity at this moment. The high harmonic cutoff at $\propto \gamma_{\max}^3$ is parametrically larger than the $4 \gamma_{\max}^2$ predicted by the ``oscillating mirror'' model based on the Doppler effect. The cornerstone of our theory is the new physical phenomenon: spikes in the relativistic $\gamma$-factor of the plasma surface. These spikes define the high harmonic spectrum and lead to attosecond pulses in the reflected radiation.Comment: 12 pages, 9 figure

Food and water-drinking regime in endurance sports

Modern nutrition for athletes is based on the principles of rational nutrition and the peculiarities of muscle activity during the training process. This work demonstrates the review of the processes occurring during participation in endurance sports and its features. According to the modern classification used by domestic and foreign authors, the article provides a list of endurance types of sport with its characteristics. Endurance sports have repeatable phases of movements and hemodynamic component, which is characterized by the activity of the muscles of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Energy supply of muscle activity of endurance sports is mainly provided by aerobic glycolysis and glycogenolysis, as well as beta-oxidation of fats. There is a report of the influence of nutrients on the recovery of working capacity of athletes in endurance sports. The issues of food distribution during the day are affected, depending on the training and competitive process. Specific features of the formation of diets and drinking regime for highly skilled athletes involved in endurance sports are formulated

Models of synaesthetic word combinations and their markedness (with Reference to Terry Pratchett’s Novels)

Submitted on 07 December, 2016. Accepted on 21 June, 2018.Поступила в редакцию 07.12.2016. Принята к печати 21.06.2018.Статья посвящена исследованию феномена синестезии с позиции когнитивного подхода. Рассматриваются вербализованные синестетические ощущения, которые сочетают в себе обычное ощущение совместно с другим, дополнительным ощущением, не связанным напрямую с органом, продуцирующим это ощущение. Методология исследования основывается на применении одного из параметров когнитивной лингвистики — маркированности / немаркированности — при анализе синестетических сочетаний слов как стилистического приема художественной речи. Материалом для анализа выступают тексты романов жанра фэнтези современного английского писателя Терри Пратчетта “The Colour of Magic” («Цвет волшебства»), “Going Postal” («Держи марку»), “Making Money” («Делай деньги»), “Raising Steam” («Поддай пару»), “The Wee Free Men” («Вольные мальцы»), “Wintersmith” («Зимних дел мастер»), “I Shall Wear Midnight” («Я надену платье цвета ночи»), в которых репрезентация синестезии в виде разнообразных синестетических словосочетаний является стилистической авторской доминантой. В центре внимания статьи находятся синестетические сочетания слов, коррелирующие с пятью органами восприятия (зрение, слух, обоняние, вкус, осязание), анализируемые с точки зрения сенсорной дистанции между модусами перцепции (высшая / низшая сфера сенсориума), информативности (простота / сложность контекстуальных пояснений), а также семантической емкости (узуальности / окказиональности). Авторами выделяются структурно-семантические модели синестетических сочетаний и делается вывод о различной степени когнитивной маркированности таких сочетаний, связанной со степенью отдаленности модусов перцепции синестетических сочетаний, с закрепленностью таких сочетаний в словарном составе английского языка и с контекстуальными пояснениями и уточнениями автора. Проделанное исследование позволяет прийти к выводу о том, что когнитивный параметр маркированности / немаркированности является релевантным для феномена синестезии; применение параметра когнитивной маркированности позволило выявить четыре типа моделей синестетических сочетаний в текстах Пратчетта в зависимости от степени их когнитивной маркированности.This article studies the theory of synaesthesia from the perspective of the cognitive approach. The authors analyse verbalised synaesthetic sensations (combining usual sensation accompanied by additional involuntary sensation produced by another organ of perception). The methodology of the research is based on the cognitive analysis of synaesthetic word combinations as a stylistic device in a literary text with the application of a cognitive parameter — markedness / unmarkedness. The analysis is conducted with reference to The Colour of Magic, Going Postal, Making Money, Raising Steam, The Wee Free Men, Wintersmith, and I Shall Wear Midnight by Terry Pratchett, in which synaesthesia represented by synesthetic word combinations is a dominant stylistic feature of the author. The paper focuses on synaesthetic word combinations with reference to the senses of sight, sound, smell, taste, and touch. Synaesthetic word combinations are analysed from the point of view of sensory distance between perception modes (higher / lower sphere of the sensorium), the information value (simplicity / complexity of contextual explanations) and semantic capacity (usage / occasionality) of synaesthetic word combinations. The authors of the paper distinguish tructuralsemantic models of synaesthetic word combinations and conclude that synaesthetic word combinations demonstrate different levels of markedness, connected a) with the distance between perceptual modes, as well as b) with the representation of such combinations in the lexicon of the English language and c) with the surrounding Н. А. Баева, А. А. Фомин. Модели синестетических сочетаний слов context. The authors also conclude that cognitive markedness / unmarkedness is a relevant parameter for the analysis of synaesthesia. The application of the cognitive markedness parameter makes it possible to identify four types of models of synaesthetic word combinations in Pratchett’s fantasy novels, depending on the degree of their cognitive markedness

Selection of a rational wireless wires to reduce the loss of EE

In this paper, we consider ways to reduce the technological losses of electric energy in the overhead transmission line when transmitting EEs over distances. The requirements for the overhead lines are determined. The technical-energy and technical-economic comparison of wires for use on VL 220 and 330 kV for the purpose of determining the rational mark was made. A more profitable line for EE and economic efficiency was identified.В работе рассмотрены способы снижения технологических потерь электрической энергии (ЭЭ) на воздушных линиях (ВЛ) при передаче ЭЭ на расстояния. Определены требования, предъявляемые к проводам ВЛ. Произведены технико-энергетическое и технико-экономическое сравнение проводов для применения на ВЛ 220 и 330 кВ с целью определения рациональной марки. Определен более выгодный по потерям ЭЭ и экономической эффективности провод ВЛ

Development of mediation in Russia: extrapolation of foreign experience

The article analyzes the development of mediation in Russia based on foreign experience. The Institute of mediation has passed a long way of development before it was established on a legislative basis and is still far from perfect. Many problems prevent the effective use of mediation. This institution cannot fully carry out the tasks assigned to it. Mediation has great potential to become a real alternative and at the same time effective way of resolving disputes in Russia, which is proved by examples of legislation in other countries and the practice of its applicatio