Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta limits the expansion of pathogenic Th cells during central nervous system autoimmunity.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs; PPAR-alpha, PPAR-delta, and PPAR-gamma) comprise a family of nuclear receptors that sense fatty acid levels and translate this information into altered gene transcription. Previously, it was reported that treatment of mice with a synthetic ligand activator of PPAR-delta, GW0742, ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), indicating a possible role for this nuclear receptor in the control of central nervous system (CNS) autoimmune inflammation. We show that mice deficient in PPAR-delta (PPAR-delta(-/-)) develop a severe inflammatory response during EAE characterized by a striking accumulation of IFN-gamma(+)IL-17A(-) and IFN-gamma(+)IL-17A(+) CD4(+) cells in the spinal cord. The preferential expansion of these T helper subsets in the CNS of PPAR-delta(-/-) mice occurred as a result of a constellation of immune system aberrations that included higher CD4(+) cell proliferation, cytokine production, and T-bet expression and enhanced expression of IL-12 family cytokines by myeloid cells. We also show that the effect of PPAR-delta in inhibiting the production of IFN-gamma and IL-12 family cytokines is ligand dependent and is observed in both mouse and human immune cells. Collectively, these findings suggest that PPAR-delta serves as an important molecular brake for the control of autoimmune inflammation

МОДИФИКАЦИЯ ПРИНЦИПОВ ПРОТЕЗИРОВАНИЯ БРЮШНОЙ СТЕНКИ

The experience in modification of the surgical methods in implantation and fixation of the prostheses was estimated in 152 patients. Application of the author's methods significantly reduces postoperative complications and prevents hernia relapses.Опыт совершенствования хирургических приемов размещения и фиксации полипропиленовых сетчатых протезов оценен у 152 грыженосителей. Применение разработанных авторами способов позволило существенно снизить частоту послеоперационных осложнений и избежать рецидивов заболевания

ЛЕЧЕНИЕ ПАХОВЫХ ГРЫЖ СЕТЧАТЫМИ ПРОТЕЗАМИ PROGRIP

The experience in application of the new generation of polypropylene mesh with PLA resolved hooks has been analyzed. These prostheses need no supplementary fixation with suture. Our experience confirms their positive clinical efficacy - the reduction of the time of operation, the safety of the use, goods immediate and remotes results.Проанализирован опыт применения у 12 больных паховыми грыжами полипропиленовых сеток нового поколения с PLA-саморассасывающимися крючками. Этот протез не нуждается в дополнительной фиксации швами. Наш опыт подтверждает положительный клинический эффект -сокращение времени операции, надежность фиксации, безопасность применения, хорошие непосредственные и отдаленные результаты

Electron energy relaxation in disordered superconducting NbN films

We report onthe energy relaxation of electrons studied by means of magnetoconductance and photoresponse in a series of superconducting NbN film with thickness in the range from 3 to 33 nm. The inelastic scattering rate of electrons on phonons obeys Tntemperature dependence where the exponent is in the range ????≈3.2÷3.8and shows no systematically dependence on the degree of disorder. At 11K electron-phonon scattering times are in the range11.9 -17.5 ps.We show that in the studied NbN films the Debye temperature and the densityof phononstatesare both reduced with respect to bulk material. In the thinnest studied films reduced density of states along with the phonon trapping slowsdown the energy relaxationofelectrons by afactor of 4 as compared to the prediction of the tree dimensional phonon mode

Perspective directions of preparation of pharmacists for management of the medicinal help in system of public health services

In clause the basic directions of perfection of vocational training and retraining of the pharmaceutical staff in modern conditions are considered and ways of optimization of a professional orientation of training of heads of the pharmaceutical organizations in the field of economy and managements are certain

Model building of cost for ambulatory drug insurance program

The problem of drug price availability increase for population is still significant at the present time. The variants of regional program for ambulatory drug insurance were discussed in the article. The model of short-term drug insurance was considered using Krasnoyarsk region as example, algorithm of necessary calculations, mathematical apparatus, required preliminary data as well