Poverty Underestimation in Rural India- A Critique

When ever the Planning Commission of India releases the poverty data, that data is being criticised by experts and economists. The main criticism is underestimation of poverty especially in rural India by the Planning Commission. This paper focuses on that criticism and compares the Indian Planning Commission’s 2004-05 rural poverty data with the India’s 2400 kcal poverty norms, World Bank’s US $1.08 poverty concept and Asian Development Bank’s US$1.35 poverty concept.Poverty, Rural India, Underestimation, Poverty Line, Dollar-a-day Poverty Concept, Asian Poverty Line

Human Deprivation Index: A Measure of Multidimensional Poverty

Poverty is multidimensional in nature. Poverty is associated not only with insufficient income or consumption but also with insufficient outcomes with respect to health, nutrition, and literacy and deficient social relations, insecurity, and low self-esteem and powerlessness. Since poverty is a multidimensional phenomenon, measurement of poverty must cover many dimensions. So far, the income and/or consumption indicator has received most attention. But, now the focus is shifted towards deprivation in different dimensions for example income, health and education. The human development and human deprivation studies have opened new perspectives on measuring and analysing poverty and development with the help of multidimensional concept. The present study, in this context will serve to enrich useful knowledge about human deprivation which analysis the poverty multi dimensionally.Human Deprivation; Poverty; Multi dimension; Health; Infant Mortality; Education; Illiteracy; India

Poverty and Health in India: A Comparative Study about Pre-Reform and Post-Reform Periods

In India, Economic Reforms has been explicitly started in 1991. Even with some controversy in the initial period now it intruded in almost all the sectors. At present days economic reforms is mingled with every sphere of economic activities. But the effects of economic reforms are highly debatable.Social sector is an important ingredient for over all development of a country. Development of social sector reveals the standard of living of people as well as the volume and potential of human resource in a country. Hence the analysis of economic reforms and its impact on social sector is imperative. This paper analysis poverty and health status during pre-reforms and post-reforms periods and compare them to find out that during which period the decrease in poverty and the increase in health status are better. For the analysis of poverty, people living below poverty line and for health status analysis life expectancy at birth and infant mortality are used in this study.Economic Reforms, Social Sector, Poverty, Health, Below Poverty Line, Life Expectancy at Birth, Infant Mortality Rate, India.

Radiobiological studies of plants orbited in biosatellite 2

Radiation induced mutation rates and cyotlogical changes in plants orbited on Biosatellite

Synthesis and Characterization of Cube-Shaped Cu2O Nanoparticles for Heat Transfer Enhancement Application

This project studies on the synthesis of cube-shaped cuprous oxide nanoparticles and evaluation of thermophysical properties of the nanofluid containing synthesized nanoparticles for heat transfer applications. Nanofluids are proven to have higher potential as a cooling medium in heat transfer applications due to its high thermal conductivity property. However, the nanofluids are not stable as the nanoparticles are not well dispersed and forms two layers. Shape of the nanoparticle is also an important factor in ensuring enhanced thermophysical properties of the nanofluid. Hence, in this project, cube-shaped cuprous oxide nanoparticles are synthesized because cube shape has high surface area to volume ratio. A two-step method is chosen as the procedure to prepare the cuprous oxide nanofluid which first focuses on the synthesis of the cuprous oxide nanoparticles in powder form using different bases and continued with the preparation of nanofluid using methanol as the base fluid. The thermophysical properties of the prepared nanofluid is then evaluated to determine the thermal conductivity, viscosity and density

Movement as a specific stimulus for prey catching behaviour in rhinolophid and hipposiderid bats

1. The echolocating 'long CF/FM-bat'Rhinolophus rouxi and the 'short CF/FM-bats'Hipposideros bicolor andHipposideros speoris were tested for catching responses to moving and non-moving targets. 2. Under our experimental conditions (freshly caught caged bats in a natural environment)Rhinolophus rouxi and Hipposideros speoris only responded to insects of any sort that were beating their wings. The bats showed no reactions whatsoever to nonmoving insects or those walking on the floor or the sides of the cage. 3. Hipposideros bicolor responded in the same way as the above species to wingbeating insects but in addition also attacked walking insects. In 27 presentations 15 walking insects were caught (Fig. 2). 4. Rhinolophus rouxi, Hipposideros speoris and Hipposideros bicolor also detected, approached and seized tethered cockroaches hanging from the ceiling when these were vibrating up and down (Fig. 3). This indicates that any oscillating movement and not specific aspects of wing beating were the key releasers for catching behaviour in all three species. However, a wing beating insect is strongly preferred over a vibrating one in all three species (Fig. 4). 5. Rhinolophus rouxi, Hipposideros speoris and Hipposideros bicolor attacked and seized a dead bait when it was associated with a wing beating device (Fig. 1). All three species responded effectively to beat frequencies as low as 10 beats/s (peak-to-peak amplitude of the wing excursion 20 mm). For lower frequencies the response rates rapidly deteriorated (Fig. 5). 6. Horseshoe bats no longer responded to wing beats of 5 beats/s when the wing beat amplitude was 2 to 1 mm or to wing beats of 2 to 1 beats/s when the amplitude was 3 mm or lower (Fig. 6). This suggests that the speed of the wing is a critical parameter. From these data we infer that the threshold for the catching responses is at a wing speed of about 2 to 1 cm/s. 7. In horseshoe bats (experimental tests) and the two hipposiderid species (behavioural observations) one single wing beat was enough to elicit a catching response (Fig. 8). 8. It is concluded that 'long' and 'short' CF/ FM-bats feature a similar responsiveness to fluttering targets. The sensitivity to oscillating movements is considered as an effective detection mechanism for any sort of potential prey

Evaluation Comparison of Mesh-Based routing Protocols in MANET

A multicast routing protocol manages group membership and controls the path that multicast data takes over the network in mobile ad hoc network. This process is done through either tree-based or mesh-based protocols. The mesh-based protocols are more reliable and robust against the tree based protocols. One of the most used on-demand multicast routing protocol is ODMRP (On-Demand Routing Protocol). However, it has the significant overhead due to redundant data delivery group and path maintenance. This overhead has been eliminated through the forwarding node reduction and link break time prediction algorithm (FNRLP). This work aims to exhibit the performance characteristics of mesh-based on-demand multicast routing protocols ODMRP and ODMRP-FNRLP

MEDICT: A Malay<-> English Bilingual Dictionary For Java Mobile Phones

Today, mobile phones provide number of advanced functions, among which possibility of running mobile applications seems to be the most interesting feature. It changes a standard mobile phone into a mini-size yet still powerful computer that able to run various applications, for example games, stock checkup, map guide, dictionary and so on. This paper presents a project currently in progress which aims at the construction of bi-directional Malay - English translation dictionary named MEDict. MEDict is an easy-to-use mobile dictionary that is the ideal reference tool for all those requiring quick access to word translations. MEDict will ideally suit J2ME mobile phones with GPRS connectivity. This paper delivers the initial development progress of MEDict. It covers the functional requirements and possible development approaches followed in building MEDict. The project incorporates the development of four main components: (1) a java-based mobile client that provides interface for front-end query input; (2) a back-end database for serving dictionary contents; (3) a dictionary service for handling the exchange between the mobile client's queries and the database; (4) a web system that allows the administrator to manage the dictionary contents. The key contribution of this study is the use of Java and mobile technologies to develop a translation dictionary between two languages that has not been previously supported. The developed mobile dictionary is expected to meet the needs of a wide range of users such as language learners, native speakers, travelers and business professionals in Malaysia