The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010–19: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

BACKGROUND: Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. METHODS: The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk–outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. FINDINGS: Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4·45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4·01–4·94) deaths and 105 million (95·0–116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44·4% (41·3–48·4) of all cancer deaths and 42·0% (39·1–45·6) of all DALYs. There were 2·88 million (2·60–3·18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50·6% [47·8–54·1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1·58 million (1·36–1·84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36·3% [32·5–41·3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20·4% (12·6–28·4) and DALYs by 16·8% (8·8–25·0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34·7% [27·9–42·8] and 33·3% [25·8–42·0]). INTERPRETATION: The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden

The Comparison of Priming with Pancrunium and Atracurium in the Speed of Providing Adequate Neuromuscular Blockade for Tracheal Intubating

Abstract Background and purpose: Neuromuscular relaxants are one group of the important drugs in providing good condition for tracheal intubation and operation. Rapid intubation is needed in most situations. Also, most of non- depolarizing relaxants almost have long onset time. We compared the priming with pancrunium and atracurium in providing good and rapid relaxation for tracheal intubation.Materials and Methods: In this prospective study, 65 patients with ASA class I, II were randomized into two groups. Group A received pancrunium and group B received atracurium. Primimg dose was injected as 20% of total dose of relaxant. Twitching response was measured with peripheral nerve stimulator. Intubation was done when % 80 of the twitching response disappeared. The time of total disappearance of twitching response was also recorded.Results: The mean time for the injection of the first dose of relaxant until the time of intubation was 94.47 seconds in group A and 142.9 seconds in group B, which were significantly different (P<0/01). If intubation until the time of twitch response is detained, the time gap of group A will again be less than group B (P<0/01).Conclusion: In priming technique, the time of tracheal intubation with pancrunium is significantly less than atracurium. So, considering the patient's condition and the need for rapid relaxation, pancrunium could be is a better relaxant than atracurium