4-Aminoantipyrine derived cationic surfactants: Synthesis, characterization, surface activity and screening for potential antimicrobial activities

A series of cationic surfactants were synthesized from chemical modification of 4-aminoantipyrine. The chemical structures were confirmed using infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy. The surface activities of the surfactants in their solutions were determined by surface tension measurements. Increasing the hydrophobic chain length increased the surface activity of the surfactants in solutions. Measurements of interfacial tension between surfactants solutions and light paraffin oil showed that the interfacial tension values were decreased with increasing the alkyl chain length. The emulsion stability measurements showed the applicability of these surfactants as emulsifying agents. The foaming power measurements showed the synthesized surfactants have low ability for foam formation. Thermodynamic properties of adsorption and micellization processes showed their tendency towards adsorption at solution interface and micellization in their solutions. Results showed reasonable surface activities compared to conventional cationic surfactants. The antimicrobial activity of the synthesized surfactants against Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis and Staphyl. aureus, Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and E. coli.) and Fungi (Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger) was evaluated. The efficiency of these compounds as antimicrobial agents) was increased with the hydrophobicity and carbon chain length. Keywords: Antipyrine, Cationic surfactants, Surface, Adsorption, Antimicrobial Activity and CTAB (cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide

Macromyrme

Key to the Palaearctic species of genus <i>Macromyrme</i> <p>Females</p> <p> 1. T1 without posteromedian spot of pale setae; T2 with two subbasal spots of pale setae separated by distance at most equal to their own diameter; posterior propodeal face above with small median tubercle............... <i>M</i>. <i>leleji</i> Soliman, <b>sp. nov.</b></p> <p>- T1 with posteromedian quadrangular spot of pale setae that extends onto T2; T2 with two subbasal spots of pale setae separated by distance more than their own diameter; posterior propodeal face above with well developed median tubercle..... 2</p> <p> 2. Antennal tubercle with denticle; mesopleuron with precoxal carina. Head and mesosoma light reddish-brown; antennae and legs brown..................................................................... <i>M</i>. <i>binotata</i> (Radoszkowski)</p> <p> - Antennal tubercle without denticle; mesopleuron without precoxal carina. Head and mesosoma dark ferruginous, antennae reddish-brown, with flagellum more or less ferruginous apically; legs reddish-brown, with tarsi lighter.... <i>M</i>. <i>sinuata</i> (Olivier)</p>Published as part of <i>El-Torkey, Ashraf M., Oshaibah, Alaa Din A., Salem, Magdi M. H., Hosni, Mohammad T., Abdel-Rhman, Abdel-Rhman G. & Soliman, Ahmed M., 2011, Review of the Palaearctic species of Macromyrme Lelej 1984 (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) with description of a new species from Egypt, pp. 63-68 in Zootaxa 2863</i> on page 64, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/201355">10.5281/zenodo.201355</a&gt

Macromyrme sinuata Olivier 1811

Macromyrme sinuata (Olivier 1811) (Figs 6–8) Mutilla sinuata Olivier 1811: Encyclopedie methodique 8: 58, Ƥ [type locality: "en Perse, aux environs de Kermanshah" (West Iran), syntypes in Mus. Nat. d'Hist. Natur. Paris]; André 1901: 304; 1902 b: 34; 1910: 75. Mutilla villosa Klug 1829: Symb. phys. Dec. 1: [4], N 12, tab. 4, fig. 12, Ƥ. [Type locality: "Ex Syria " (Lebanon, between Tripoli, Beirut and Baalbeck, May 18 –Aug. 6 1824 (Baker 1997)) syntypes in Zool. Mus. Berlin]. Synonymized by Sichel & Radoszkowski 1870: 237. Ronisia sinuata: Bischoff 1920: Arch. Naturg. 86 A: 190; Invrea 1965: Mem. Soc. Entomol. Ital. 44: 75, Ƥ. Macromyrme sinuata: Lelej 2002: Cat. Mutill. Pal.: 41. Diagnosis. The female of Macromyrme sinuata (Olivier) is similar to that of the new species, M. leleji sp. nov. but can be separated by the following: elevated posterior portion of clypeus weakly tuberculate; venter of F 1 flattened basally; posterior propodeal face above with distinct median tubercle; T 1 with posteromedian quadrangular spot of pale setae that extends onto T 2; setal spots of T 2 separated by distance more than their own diameter. MALE. Unknown. Material examined. 1 Ƥ, Ghazza (Palestine), 1917 [MAC]. Distribution. Egypt [Pyramids (Giza, Lower Nile Valley), 29 ° 58 ' 34 "N 31 ° 6 ' 45 "E] (André 1910), Morocco, Iran (west), Lebanon, Syria, Israel, Jordan, Palestine, Cyprus. Host. From the nest of Anthophora Latreille (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Israel (Invrea 1965).Published as part of El-Torkey, Ashraf M., Oshaibah, Alaa Din A., Salem, Magdi M. H., Hosni, Mohammad T., Abdel-Rhman, Abdel-Rhman G. & Soliman, Ahmed M., 2011, Review of the Palaearctic species of Macromyrme Lelej 1984 (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) with description of a new species from Egypt, pp. 63-68 in Zootaxa 2863 on pages 66-67, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.20135

Macromyrme Lelej 1984

Genus Macromyrme Lelej 1984 Macromyrme Lelej 1984: 827 (type species Mutilla binotata Radoszkowski, 1879 by original designation); 1985: 173; 2002: 41; Lelej & Brothers 2008: 34. Diagnosis. FEMALE. Head very large, almost as wide as T 2. T 1 usually with median spot of pale setae. T 2 with two subbasal spots of pale setae disposed transversally. MALE. Unknown.Published as part of El-Torkey, Ashraf M., Oshaibah, Alaa Din A., Salem, Magdi M. H., Hosni, Mohammad T., Abdel-Rhman, Abdel-Rhman G. & Soliman, Ahmed M., 2011, Review of the Palaearctic species of Macromyrme Lelej 1984 (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) with description of a new species from Egypt, pp. 63-68 in Zootaxa 2863 on page 64, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.20135

Macromyrme leleji Soliman, sp. nov.

Macromyrme leleji Soliman, sp. nov. (Figs 1–5, 7, 8) Type material. Holotype FEMALE: Egypt (Wadi Isla, South Sinai), 28 ° 20 ' 59 "N 33 ° 52 ' 35 "E 17.III. 1990 [CUC]. Paratypes: 2 Ƥ, Egypt (St. Catherine, South Sinai), 28 ° 33 ' 17 "N 33 ° 56 ' 55 "E, 6.V. 2006, [CUC & Lelej's Collection]. Description. Body length: 13–16 mm. Colouration: Head dark ferruginous-red, with slight blackish tint particularly on gena, clothed beneath with pale setae; frons and vertex sparsely clothed with mixed recumbent pale and erect black setae; antenna (including antennal tubercle) and mandible light reddish-brown, latter black apically. Mesosoma dark ferruginous-red, distinctly blackish laterally; mesosomal dorsum sparsely clothed with semi-erect black setae (erect on pronotal anterior declivity and propodeal posterior face); legs ferruginous-red, clothed with yellowish setae, tibial spurs ferruginous. Metasoma black, sparsely clothed with long yellowish setae on sterna (forming apical fringes on S 2 – S 5). T 1 and T 2 more or less clothed with black setae; latter subbasally decorated with two large yellow setal spots disposed transversally and separated by distance at most equal to their own diameter; T 2 posteromedially decorated with small transverse yellow setal triangular band. T 3 entirely covered with band; those spots and bands formed of yellowish setae. T 4 and T 5 clothed with mixed long erect yellowish and black setae. T 6 with black setal delimiting pygidial area. Head. Remarkably enlarged; in dorsal view, subquadrate, significantly wider than mesosoma and approximately 0.8× as wide as T 2, strongly convex and prolonged behind eyes, with posterolateral angles broadly rounded and occipital margin nearly straight. Vertex and frons coarsely reticulo-punctate. Eyes small, ovoid, widely separated from mandibular articulation (malar space about 0.8 LED). Scrobal carina well-developed. Antennal tubercles large, rounded, carinate above. Clypeus with deeply concave median area delimited above by elevated bituberculate portion, clypeal anterior margin straight, laterally distinctly tuberculate. Mandible robust, blunt apically, with subbasal blunt tooth inside. F 1 cylindrical throughout, 1.5× longer than its maximal width, as long as F 2 and F 3 combined. Mesosoma. Quadrangular, slightly longer than its maximal width, nearly parallel sided behind pronotum, dorsally reticulate-punctate. Pronotum slightly widened, anteriorly slightly arcuate, with humeral angles acute. Scutellar scale very small but visible. Propodeal posterior face abruptly declivitous, coarsely punctate. Meso- and metapleuron polished and shiny. Mid and hind tibiae with double row of strong spines. Metasoma. Ovoid, sessile. T 1 notably wider than long (transverse). T 2 longitudinally wrinkled on anterior third, largely to finely reticulo-punctate posteriorly. Pygidial area strongly widened anteriorly, pointed posteriorly, longitudinally irregularly wrinkled on basal two thirds, finely sculptured apically and bordered laterally with distinct carina. S 1 with large blunt tooth. MALE. Unknown. Distribution. Egypt (South Sinai). Etymology. The specific name is dedicated to Arkady S. Lelej, authority on Mutillidae and Aculeate classification and evolution.Published as part of El-Torkey, Ashraf M., Oshaibah, Alaa Din A., Salem, Magdi M. H., Hosni, Mohammad T., Abdel-Rhman, Abdel-Rhman G. & Soliman, Ahmed M., 2011, Review of the Palaearctic species of Macromyrme Lelej 1984 (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) with description of a new species from Egypt, pp. 63-68 in Zootaxa 2863 on pages 64-66, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.20135

Review of the Palaearctic species of Macromyrme Lelej 1984 (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) with description of a new species from Egypt

El-Torkey, Ashraf M., Oshaibah, Alaa Din A., Salem, Magdi M. H., Hosni, Mohammad T., Abdel-Rhman, Abdel-Rhman G., Soliman, Ahmed M. (2011): Review of the Palaearctic species of Macromyrme Lelej 1984 (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) with description of a new species from Egypt. Zootaxa 2863: 63-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.20135

Role of marine macroalgae in plant protection & improvement for sustainable agriculture technology

Marine macroalgae are plant-like organisms with simple internal structures that generally live in coastal areas. They mainly include different communities of red, brown and green macroalgae. Marine macroalgae commonly occupy intertidal and sublittoral-to-littoral zones on rocks and other hard substrata. They are considered to be an excellent natural biosource in different aspects of agricultural fields. They have great proficiency in improving soil physical and chemical properties. Marine macroalgae are also characterized by producing a large array of biologically active biocidal substances against plant-infecting pathogens. Unfortunately, most available literatures on marine macroalgae and their derivatives mainly focused on their pharmaceutical applications but their potential utilization in sustainable agriculture development is still often regarded as a secondary goal. However, a relatively considerable dataset on marine macroalgae showed that they could play a major role in plant protection and improvement. This review summarizes different aspects of potential macroalgal applications in agriculture. Commercial production and exploitation of specific compounds with interesting biotechnological importance from marine macroalgae including microbicides, nematicides, insecticides, biofertilizers, biostimulators and soil conditioners are highlighted and discussed in detail. Bioactive compounds like fatty acids (in particular polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), proteins (amino acids), bioflavonoids, sulfated polysaccharides, carotenoids, polyphenols and carbohydrates are considered to have bactericidal, antiviral and fungicidal effects against some plant-infecting pathogens. These biocontrol agents provide multiple benefits and act as useful pointers for improving cultivation practices in diverse habitats. Marine macroalgae can be generally considered as promising multifunctional bioinoculants and ecofriendly environmental tools in recent trends of organic farming

Serological evaluation for the current epidemic situation of foot and mouth disease among cattle and buffaloes in Egypt

Aim: The present study was aimed to investigate the epidemic situation of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Egypt from 2016 to 2018 based on the detection of FMD virus (FMDV) in carrier or previously infected animals, by determination of antibodies against non-structural protein (NSP), implementation a pilot study on circulating FMDV serotypes and assure the efficacy of locally produced inactivated trivalent vaccine. Materials and Methods: A total of 1500 sera were collected from apparent healthy vaccinated cattle and buffaloes from three Egyptian geographical sectors, representing ten governorates. Determination of FMD antibodies against NSP was carried out using 3ABC enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test. Serotyping of the circulating FMDV and assure the vaccine efficacy was performed using solid-phase competitive ELISA. Results: The 3ABC ELISA test revealed 26.4% and 23.7% positive for FMDV-NSP antibodies in cattle and buffalo sera, respectively. The highest positivity was in Delta Sector among both cattle 42.3% and buffaloes 28.8%. Serotyping of FMDV-positive NSP sera in El-Qalyubia Governorate for the circulating FMDV serotypes O, A, and Southern African Territories (SAT) 2 was 52.2%, 17.4%, and 30.4% in cattle and 31.8%, 27.3%, and 40.9% in buffaloes, respectively. The overall protection level due to the vaccination program was 62.1 and 60.9% in cattle and buffaloes, respectively, while the protective level of the FMDV serotypes O, A, and SAT2 included in the inactivated trivalent vaccine was 73.9, 84.6, and 63.8% in cattle and 72.3, 82.3, and 63.5% in buffaloes, respectively. Conclusion: The present study recommended full determination for the immunogenic relationship between the vaccine strains and the field strains to attain maximum protection against the circulating viruses

Simulation of Biophysicochemical Characteristics of the Soils Using Geoelectrical Measurements near the Sewage Station, Assiut City, Egypt

Numerous farmers regularly irrigate their farms with inadequately treated sewage water pumped from the sewage system in the Arab El-Madabegh district of Assiut City, Egypt. According to previous studies, long-term irrigation with partially treated sewage water resulted in significant changes in the physicochemical properties of soil. The principal goals of this study are (1) to infer empirical equations between geoelectrical resistivity measurements and certain biophysicochemical parameters of some soil samples, and (2) to use these empirical equations to calculate the biophysicochemical parameters of the unknown samples for the same location. For this purpose, 27 soil samples at different depth levels (0 to 25, 25 to 60, and 60 to 90 cm) were collected from eleven locations at the sewage station. Physical properties including water content and particle size distribution, chemical properties including soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and the heavy metals concentrations, biological properties including total coliform counts, and geoelectrical resistivity measurements were estimated and analyzed for these samples. Electrical resistivity measurements and biophysicochemical properties were cross-correlated using the exponential trend line to fit the cross-correlated data, and the empirical relationships were obtained. These empirical relationships in conjunction with the measured electrical resistivity measurements were used to calculate the biophysicochemical values of the other three random soil samples. The biophysicochemical values of the former three samples were measured by the same normal procedures as 27 samples. Then, the calculated values were correlated with the measured ones. Good correlations between the estimated and the measured values for biophysicochemical features were obtained. Therefore, this method can be employed to calculate the biophysicochemical parameters for any unknown samples that have the same geological conditions for estimating and monitoring soil contamination