Phenology of Guarea macrophylla Vahl (Meliaceae) in subtropical riparian forest in southern Brazil

<div><p>Abstract Climate is one of the main factors that affect plant behavior. The phenology of Guarea macrophylla Vahl, which is a small tree used for reforestation of degraded areas, was monitored for 18 months in a riparian forest at the Schmidt Stream, Campo Bom, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. Vegetative (leaf fall and leaf flushing) and reproductive events were observed, with the latter divided into flowering (flower buds and anthesis) and fruiting (unripe, ripening and ripe fruit). Phenological events were related to temperature, photoperiod and precipitation and their seasonality was verified by circular statistical analysis. Vegetative phenophases were continuous; they were not related to climate factors and presented low intensity, emphasizing the perennial aspect of the species. Flowering occurred during spring and summer. Both flower buds and anthesis were related to temperature and photoperiod. Fruiting was constant and went through all stages of development. Unripe fruits developed during the months with the lowest photoperiod and ripen more intensely in winter, on colder days. Ripe fruit became available for dispersal in spring, in times of longer photoperiod and higher temperatures. Except for leaf fall, all other phenological events showed seasonality in their manifestation. The one-month difference between the onsets of the flowering phases observed in this study indicated that local climate changes induced the early occurrence of this phenophase.</p></div

Phylogenetic analysis of sugar beet -like genes by maximum parsimony (MP)

(A) MP tree of -like DNA sequences encoding only the B-box domains and two other zinc-binding genes that are not part of the CONSTANS family from (, At1g06040 and , At2g31380). (B) MP tree of -like DNA sequences encoding only the CCT domain and two other CCT-containing genes that are not part of the CONSTANS family from (, At5g61380 and At4g25990). Bootstrap values from 1000 replicates were used to assess robustness of the tree. Group I genes are represented by / homologues from different species (see legend for accession numbers.). (At1g68520; NM_105523) and (At3g07650; NM_111644) () were included as representatives of Group II and Group III genes, respectively.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Sugar beet contains a large gene family including a homologue that is independent of the early-bolting () gene locus"</p><p></p><p>Journal of Experimental Botany 2008;59(10):2735-2748.</p><p>Published online 20 May 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2486466.</p><p></p

Multiple sequence alignment of putative CO-like EST/TC protein sequences in sugar beet

Comparison of putative sugar beet CO-like EST/TCs against Group Ia (AtCO/AtCOL1/AtCOL2) proteins of and CO/Hd1 homologues for (A) only the B-box domains of 10 EST/TCs and (B) only the CCT domain of six EST/TCs. (C) Full-length protein sequence of BvCOL1 aligned against Group Ia proteins of . The position of the intron within the BvCOL1 sequence is indicated by an arrow. Characteristic domains of CO-like proteins are marked by lines over sequences. Identical and similar residues are highlighted in black and grey, respectively. Accessions with a ‘TC’ or ‘BQ’ prefix are obtained from BvGI 1.0. Other accession numbers are (At5g15840; NM_121589) (), (At5g15850; AY065001) (), (At3g02380; NM_111105) (), (AY280868) (), (AB041838) (), (AF490469) (), (AB094490) ().<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Sugar beet contains a large gene family including a homologue that is independent of the early-bolting () gene locus"</p><p></p><p>Journal of Experimental Botany 2008;59(10):2735-2748.</p><p>Published online 20 May 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2486466.</p><p></p

Flowering time and QRT-PCR analysis of gene expression in transgenic and untransformed

(A) Phenotype of 6-week-old wild-type, transgenic, and mutant lines. (B–D) Quantification of the transgene and endogenous and gene transcription in 2-week-old plants grown under LD by QRT-PCR. Error bars represent standard error of three biological and three technical repetitions.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Sugar beet contains a large gene family including a homologue that is independent of the early-bolting () gene locus"</p><p></p><p>Journal of Experimental Botany 2008;59(10):2735-2748.</p><p>Published online 20 May 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2486466.</p><p></p

Association between lung function and dyspnoea and its variation in the multinational Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease (BOLD) study

Background: Dyspnoea is a common symptom of respiratory disease. However, data on its prevalence in general populations and its association with lung function are limited and are mainly from high-income countries. The aims of this study were to estimate the prevalence of dyspnoea across several world regions, and to investigate the association of dyspnoea with lung function. Methods: Dyspnoea was assessed, and lung function measured in 25,806 adult participants of the multinational Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease study. Dyspnoea was defined as ≥2 on the modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) dyspnoea scale. The prevalence of dyspnoea was estimated for each of the study sites and compared across countries and world regions. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the association of dyspnoea with lung function in each site. Results were then pooled using random-effects meta-analysis. Results: The prevalence of dyspnoea varied widely across sites without a clear geographical pattern. The mean prevalence of dyspnoea was 13.7 % (SD=8.2 %), ranging from 0 % in Mysore (India) to 28.8 % in Nampicuan-Talugtug (Philippines). Dyspnoea was strongly associated with both spirometry restriction (FVC Conclusion: The prevalence of dyspnoea varies substantially across the world and is strongly associated with lung function impairment. Using the mMRC scale in epidemiological research should be discussed.</div