11 research outputs found
Proteolytic activation of proapoptotic kinase protein kinase CĪ“ by tumor necrosis factor Ī± death receptor signaling in dopaminergic neurons during neuroinflammation
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The mechanisms of progressive dopaminergic neuronal loss in Parkinsonās disease (PD) remain poorly understood, largely due to the complex etiology and multifactorial nature of disease pathogenesis. Several lines of evidence from human studies and experimental models over the last decade have identified neuroinflammation as a potential pathophysiological mechanism contributing to disease progression. Tumor necrosis factor Ī± (TNF) has recently emerged as the primary neuroinflammatory mediator that can elicit dopaminergic cell death in PD. However, the signaling pathways by which TNF mediates dopaminergic cell death have not been completely elucidated.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>In this study we used a dopaminergic neuronal cell model and recombinant TNF to characterize intracellular signaling pathways activated during TNF-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity. Etanercept and neutralizing antibodies to tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1) were used to block TNF signaling. We confirmed the results from our mechanistic studies in primary embryonic mesencephalic cultures and in vivo using the stereotaxic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) model of nigral dopaminergic degeneration.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>TNF signaling in dopaminergic neuronal cells triggered the activation of protein kinase CĪ“ (PKCĪ“), an isoform of the novel PKC family, by caspase-3 and caspase-8 dependent proteolytic cleavage. Both TNFR1 neutralizing antibodies and the soluble TNF receptor Etanercept blocked TNF-induced PKCĪ“ proteolytic activation. Proteolytic activation of PKCĪ“ was accompanied by translocation of the kinase to the nucleus. Notably, inhibition of PKCĪ“ signaling by small interfering (si)RNA or overexpression of a PKCĪ“ cleavage-resistant mutant protected against TNF-induced dopaminergic neuronal cell death. Further, primary dopaminergic neurons obtained from PKCĪ“ knockout (ā/ā) mice were resistant to TNF toxicity. The proteolytic activation of PKCĪ“ in the mouse substantia nigra in the neuroinflammatory LPS model was also observed.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Collectively, these results identify proteolytic activation of PKCĪ“ proapoptotic signaling as a key downstream effector of dopaminergic cell death induced by TNF. These findings also provide a rationale for therapeutically targeting PKCĪ“ to mitigate progressive dopaminergic degeneration resulting from chronic neuroinflammatory processes.</p
MPTP: advances from an evergreen neurotoxin
Since its discovery in 1976, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) models in rodents and nonhuman primates have continuously renewed to keep up with progresses of Parkinsonās disease (PD) research. MPTP is able to reproduce almost all the clinical and neuropathological features of PD when administered to monkeys. In contrast, up to date no rodent model has been able
to reproduce all PD features in one. Nevertheless, MPTP is a very versatile neurotoxin that can reproduce different aspects of PD pathology, depending upon the dose and regimen of administration. At the present time, a number of different MPTP models have been developed, allowing researchers to investigate either the classical PD neuropathology and neuroprotective mechanisms or
known pathological processes underlining more recently discovered aspects of the disease, such as nonmotor symptoms. In this chapter primate and rodent MPTP models are reviewed, focusing mainly on the contribution that different MPTP protocols can offer to reproduce the multifaceted aspects of the disease