469 research outputs found

    Dynamique de la population exploitée de deux requins: Sphyrna zygeana (Linnaeus, 1758) et Isurus oxyrinchus (Rafinesque, 1809) des côtes ivoiriennes

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    Cette etude a porte sur la dynamique des populations exploitees de Isurus oxyrinchus (Lamnidae) et de Sphyrna zygeana (Sphyrnidae) par les pecheurs artisanaux maritime dfAbidjan en vu de connaitre leur niveau dfexploitation. Avec le logiciel Fisat II, les parametres de croissance de Von Bertalanffy ainsi que les parametres dfexploitations ont ete estimes. Longueur asymptotique a la fourche obtenue chez S. zygeana (L‡ = 257,25 cm) est plus elevee que celle de I. oxyrinchus (L‡ = 246,75 cm). Les taux de croissance evalues indiquent que S. zygeana (K = 0,13an-1) et I. oxyrinchus (K= 0,11 an-1) ont de faibles taux de croissance. Lfage de premiere maturite est plus tardif chez   (9,8 ans) que chez S. zygeana (8,23 ans). Avec une mortalite totale (Z) de 0,37 an-1, une mortalite naturelle (M) de 0,24 an-1et une mortalite par peche (F) de 0,14 an-1, I. oxyrinchus (31,5 ans) vit plus longtemps que S. zygeana (26,66 ans) qui subit une mortalite totale (Z) de 0,55 an-1, une mortalite naturelle (M) de 0,26 an-1 et une mortalite par peche (F) de 0,29 an-1. Les taux actuel d'exploitation indiquent que le stock de S. zygeana (E = 0,53) est plus exploite que celui de I. Oxyrinchus (E = 0,36).Mots cles: Croissance, maturite, mortalite, taux d'exploitation, Cote dfIvoire

    In vitro seeds germination and seedling growth of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.)

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    In Côte d’Ivoire, the yield of cashew nuts is low. This situation has led to the use of improved clonal-based material for the expansion or establishment of new plantations. To obtain a mass propagation of such elite materials, application of tissue culture becomes very important. However, it is difficult to obtain viable explants derived from mature plants developing in field because of high concentrations of disinfectants required for surface sterilization. Explants excised from in vitro seedlings are therefore the most suitable for the micropropagation of cashew. The objective of this study was to identify the type of seeds suitable for in vitro germination and plantlets development. Seeds without shell with entire cotyledons (SWSEC), seeds without shells with half cotyledons (SWSHC) and the embryonic axis (EA) were placed on the basal medium of Murashige and Skoog (MS) without any plant growth regulators. The final rate of germination ranged from 75 to 95 %, the time to have 50 % germination and the average germination time were statistically identical with the three types of seeds. Higher plants (7cm) with larger numbers of leaves, which are more vigorous were obtained with SWSHC. This type of seeds is therefore more suitable provide seedling used as explant sources for themicropropagation of the cashew tree.Key words : Anacardium occidentale ; germination ; micropropagatio

    Diversity of agroecosystems and ecosystem services gain for agrobiodiversity conservation in agricultural landscape in northern Togo

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    To tackle food insecurity and alleviate rural poverty, the Togolese government initiated a novel form of land-based investment in rural agriculture named «Kara agropole», which promotes the cultivation of maize, rice, sesame, soybean and cashew mainly for commercial and industrial purposes. This study analyses the agricultural diversity as a baseline to foster the sustainable management of agrobiodiversity while implementing the project. The study was carried out in 11 counties from 4 districts (Bassar, Dankpen, Doufelgou and KĂ©ran) in Kara region. A survey of 115 households was conducted to collect data about agricultural practices. Botanical inventory had been carried out in 60 square plots of 25mx25m to evaluate the current agrobiodiversity and to identify ecosystem services. Data analysis matching with empirical field observations showed that there are 6 types of agroecosystems (pure cropping – crop rotation, intercropping, agroforestry, forestry, fallow lands and pasture lands) in the area with pure cropping as the main agricultural practice. Provisioning services turn out to be of the highest interest to the survey respondents for annual and perennial species. Therefore, a landscape approach that strikes a balance between agricultural land use and conservation might help to conserve more  agrobiodiversity and promote other categories of ecosystem services. Keywords: Agroecosystems, ecosystem services, species, sustainable agriculture, Togo. French title: Diversite des agroecosystemes et benefice des services ecosystemiques pour la conservation de l’agrobiodiversite en paysage agricole au nord TogoPour lutter contre l’insĂ©curitĂ© alimentaire et la pauvretĂ© rurale, le gouvernement togolais a lancĂ© une nouvelle forme d’investissement foncier en agriculture rurale, appelĂ©e « agropole de Kara », favorisant la culture du maĂŻs, du riz, du sĂ©same, du soja et de l’anacarde aux fins commerciales et industrielles. La prĂ©sente Ă©tude analyse la diversitĂ© agricole comme rĂ©fĂ©rence pour favoriser la gestion durable del’agrobiodiversitĂ© pendant la mise en Ĺ“uvre du projet. L’étude est rĂ©alisĂ©e dans 11 cantons de 4 prĂ©fectures (Bassar, Dankpen,  Doufelgou et KĂ©ran) de la rĂ©gion de Kara. Une enquĂŞte menĂ©e auprès de 115 mĂ©nages a recueilli des donnĂ©es sur les pratiques  agricoles. L’inventaire botanique est rĂ©alisĂ© dans 60 parcelles carrĂ©es de 25mx25m pour Ă©valuer l’agrobiodiversitĂ© prĂ©sente et identifier les services Ă©cosystĂ©miques. L’analyse de donnĂ©es couplĂ©es Ă  l’observation empirique montrent l’existence de 6 types d’agroĂ©cosystèmes (culture pure, cultures associĂ©es, agroforesterie, sylviculture, jachère et pâturage) dans la zone, avec la culture pure comme principale pratique agricole. Les services d’approvisionnement sont d’un grand intĂ©rĂŞt aux rĂ©pondants enquĂŞtĂ©s pour les espèces annuelles et pĂ©rennes. Par consĂ©quent, l’approche paysage qui Ă©tablit un Ă©quilibre entre utilisation et conservation des terres agricoles pourrait contribuer Ă  conserver davantage l’agrobiodiversitĂ© et promouvoir d’autres catĂ©gories de services Ă©cosystĂ©miques. Mots-clĂ©s : AgroĂ©cosystèmes, services Ă©cosystĂ©miques, espèces, agriculture durable, Tog

    Ecologie des poissons capitaines: Polydactylus quadrifilis (Cuvier, 1829), Galeoides decadactylus (Bloch, 1795) et Pentanemus quinquarius (Linné, 1758) de la pêcherie artisanale maritime de Grand-Lahou (Côte d'Ivoire)

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    The Ecology of Polynemids: Poydactylus quadrifilis (Cuvier, 1829), Galeoides decadactylus (Bloch, 1795) and Pentanemus quinquarius (Linné, 1758) of the Artisanal Marine Fisheries of Grand Lahou (Ivory Coast). The ecology of Polynemids (Poydactylus quadrifilis, Galeoides decadactylus and Pentanemus quinquarius has been studied starting from the unloads of the artisanal marine fisheries of Grand Lahou (Ivory Coast). The temperature of the littoral is high during June and May with an average of 27,55±0,8 °C such as between November and December (29,30±0,1 °C). It is low between July and September (24,5±1,5 °C). On the other hand, salinity has its higher average values (35±0,8 g/l) during the cold periods (July at September) and lowest during the hot period, from October to January (33,9±0,3 g/l). The physiological needs of Polynemids cause seasonal migrations of the juveniles and adults. Hence the crossing of the estuary of the lagoon during the cold period, from June to August by the juveniles of Polydactylus quadrifilis and Galeoides decadactylus. For Polydactylus quadrifilis the annual recruitment of young specimens is identical to that of the adults, which is contrary to that of Galeoides decadactylus and Pentanemus quinquarius

    α-MSH inhibits induction of C/EBPβ-DNA binding activity and NOS2 gene transcription in macrophages

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    α-MSH inhibits induction of C/EBPβ-DNA binding activity and NOS2 gene transcription in macrophages.Backgroundα-Melanocyte–stimulating hormone (α-MSH) is an endogenous tridecapeptide that exerts anti-inflammatory actions and abrogates postischemic renal injury in rodents. α-MSH inhibits lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced gene expression of several cytokines, chemokines, and nitric oxide synthase-2 (NOS2), but the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects have not been clearly defined. To test the hypothesis that α-MSH inhibits the expression of inducible trans-activating factors involved in NOS2 regulation, we used RAW 264.7 macrophage cells to examine the effects of α-MSH on the activation of nuclear factor-кB (NF-кB) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-β (C/EBPβ), trans-acting factors known to be involved in LPS + interferon (IFN)-γ induction of the NOS2 gene.MethodsGel shift assays were performed to identify NF-кB and C/EBP DNA binding activities in LPS + IFN-γ–treated RAW 264.7 cells in the presence and absence of α-MSH. NOS2 promoter assays were conducted to identify the effects of α-MSH on LPS + IFN-γ–mediated induction of NOS2 transcription.ResultsGel shift assays demonstrated LPS + IFN-γ induction of NF-кB and C/EBP family protein-DNA complexes in nuclei harvested from the cells. Supershift assays revealed that the C/EBP complexes were comprised of C/EBPβ, but not C/EBPα, C/EBPα, or C/EBPϵ. α-MSH (100 nmol/L) inhibited the LPS + IFN-γ–mediated induction of nuclear DNA binding activity of C/EBPβ, but not that of NF-кB (in contrast to reports in other cell types), as well as the activity of a murine NOS2 promoter-luciferase construct. In contrast, α-MSH (100 nmol/L) had no effect on the induction of NOS2 promoter-luciferase genes harboring deletion or mutation of the C/EBP box.ConclusionsThese data indicate that α-MSH inhibits the induction of C/EBPβ DNA binding activity and that this effect is a major mechanism by which α-MSH inhibits the transcription of the NOS2 gene. The inability of α-MSH to inhibit LPS + IFN-γ induction of NF-кB in murine macrophage cells, which contrasts with inhibitory effects of the neuropeptide in other cell types, suggests that cell-type–specific mechanisms are involved

    Leishmaniases in West Africa: Past and Current

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    Leishmaniases are vector-borne diseases. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is endemic in West Africa. Sporadic and anecdotal cases of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) have been reported in the past. Recent data showed the changing of epidemiology of leishmaniases in West Africa, with the occurrence of outbreak of CL due to Leishmania major in urban and rural areas. CL is transmitted by Phlebotomus duboscqi. The role of Sergentomyia (Spelaeomyia) darlingi as vector in rural areas has been evoked but not confirmed. Cases of VL due to Leishmania spp. have been described in West Africa; however, parasites species were not identified and dogs were suspected to be the reservoir. No humans’ case of symptomatic VL due to L. infantum has been described in West Africa. Recent data in rural areas of Senegal confirmed dog as reservoir of L. infantum. In the same study in Senegal, Sergentomyia sandflies were found infected with L. infantum, indicating a possible role in leishmaniasis transmission. Coinfection leishmaniases-HIV is reported but rare. In this chapter, we included most recent publications and propose an updated landscape of CL and VL epidemiology in West Africa

    Caracterisation moleculaire et selection de varietes de manioc resistantes contre Xanthomonas axonopodis PV. Manihotis en Cote d’Ivoire

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    La bactériose du manioc causée par Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis cause de dommages aux cultures de manioc en Côte d’Ivoire. En vue d’avoir une meilleure connaissance de l’agent pathogène, 800 isolats ont été collectés des fragments de feuilles et de tiges de manioc malades dans six des sept zones agroécologiques (ZAE). Les colonies bactériennes de chaque isolat montrant les caractéristiques morphologiques typiques Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis ont été soumises à une analyse moléculaire. En se basant sur le dénombrement des feuilles attaquées par la maladie, la sensibilité de huit variétés de manioc a été évaluée dans les conditions d’infestation naturelle à Ferkessédougou. Les résultats ont montré après 48 heures d’incubation, des colonies de caractéristiques morphologiques, blanc-ivoire, lisses, brillantes, convexes, avec des contours réguliers, non puantes et d’aspect visqueux. L’amplification par PCR de l’ADN, a montré un profil à une seule bande d’une taille d’environ 900 pb caractéristique de Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis. Des huit variétés testées, seules les variétés améliorées « Bocou 2 » et « Yavo » ont été les moins attaquées. Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis est bien sûr l’agent causal des taches, brûlures et dieback observées sur les variétés de manioc en Côte d’Ivoire. Donc, les variétés « Bocou 2 » et « Yavo » peuvent être recommandées aux producteurs des zones où la bactériose vasculaire du manioc sévit plus.Mots clés : Manioc, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis, caractérisation moléculaire, résistance variétal

    Croissance et âge des poissons capitaines: Polydactylus quadrifilis (Cuvier, 1829), Galeoides decadactylus (Bloch, 1795) et Pentanemus quinquarius (Linné, 1758) de la pêcherie artisanale maritime de Grand-Lahou (Côte d’Ivoire)

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    Cette étude a porté sur les capitaines Polydactylus quadrifilis, Galeoides decadactylus et Pentanemus quinquarius capturés à la pêche artisanale maritime de Grand-Lahou (Côte d’Ivoire) en vue de déterminer leur croissance et âge à partir des pesées et les prises de tailles. Les coefficients d’allométrie indiquent que la forme du corps de Polydactylus quadrifilis (b=3,23) et de Galeoides decadactylus (b=3,08) ne varie pas au cours de leur croissance. Par contre, la croissance pondérale est moins rapide que celle en taille chez les mâles de Galeoides decadactylus (b=2,8). Les spécimens de Pentanemus quinquarius (b=3,5), croissent plus rapidement en poids qu’en taille. Les taux de croissance K déterminés indiquent que Pentanemus quinquarius a le plus fort taux (K=0,808) tandis que Polydactylus quadrifilis en a le plus faible (K=0,406). Au niveau des indices de performance de croissance en taille (Ø’) et en poids (Ø), Polydactylus quadrifilis a les indices les plus élevés (Ø’=3,91; Ø=2,237); Pentanemus quinquarius en a les plus faibles (Ø’=2,65; Ø=1,409). Les capitaines croissent plus vite à un âge inférieur à 1 an. L’espèce Polydactylus quadrifilis (tmax=8,5 3) vit plus longtemps que Galeoides decadactylus (tmax=6,57), qui a une espérance de vie plus longue que Pentanemus quinquarius (tmax=4,289).Mots clés: Polynemidés, allométrie, indice de croissance, âge relati

    The economic potential of Echinochloa pyramidalis (Lam.) Hitchc & Chase forage plant used in liquid waste treatment in Cameroon: Opportunity to link sanitation to food security

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    Cameroon, like other developing countries, faces major problems in the urban centres such as high rate of population increase, food and ruminant feed shortages as well as inadequate access to sanitation. However, Echinochloa pyramidalis, well-known forage adapted to the drying vegetated beds for wastewater and faecal sludge treatments with similar characteristics as Typha sp., Phragmites sp., might be used in the dual purpose as animal feed and as support material in sanitation treatment. This study aimed at linking sanitation technology to forage production. A socio-economic survey conducted in Douala, Yaoundé and Garoua to evaluate the economic potential of E. pyramidalis showed the daily quantities of marketed forage between 5 and 8-tons of fresh weight (FW) respectively during dry and rainy season. The forage price varies with season and species from USD 0.1–0.2 to USD 0.2–0.3/kg FW with daily income of USD 800–1’600 and USD 500–1’500 respectively to rainy and dry season. While comparable to most tropical forages, the nutritional values of E. pyramidalis after 45 and 100 days of wetland treatment were only affected by the advancing maturity. Thus, E. pyramidalis can be easily grown in wetland systems and sold for animal feeding in the local market.Keywords: Echinochloa pyramidalis, economic potential, forage production, nutritional values, sanitation technology, vertical-flow constructed wetland

    Periode de recolte et taux de germination des semences de trois arbres fruitiers sauvages : AKPI, Choco et Bitei, autour du Parc National de TaĂŻ

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    Cette Ă©tude a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e pour connaĂ®tre les pĂ©riodes de maturitĂ© et le degrĂ© de germination des fruits en vue de la domestication de trois espèces d’arbres fruitiers sauvages : Beilschmiedia mannii, Irvingia gabonensis et Ricinodendron heudelotii, autour du Parc national de TaĂŻ. Par la mĂ©thode d’interview semi-directe et de mise en place de la pĂ©pinière (crĂ©ation de germoirs et transferts des plants en sachets), il ressort que la fructification de Beilschmiedia mannii intervient entre octobre et dĂ©cembre, celle de Ricinodendron heudelotii entre juillet et septembre et celle de Irvingia gabonensis a eu lieu entre le mois de dĂ©cembre de l’annĂ©e en cours et celui de mars de l’annĂ©e suivante. Le degrĂ© de germination des graines est variable d’une espèce Ă  une autre. Ainsi, Beilschmiedia mannii, Irvingia gabonensis et Ricinodendron heudelotii ont prĂ©sentĂ© respectivement les taux de germination moyen suivants 76,63 %, 34,35 % et 27,45 % ; le taux de germination de la première espèce Ă©tant statistiquement diffĂ©rent de ceux des deux autres espèces. Le dĂ©lai de germination pour chacune des espèces est de plus ou moins 1,5 mois. Un taux de rĂ©ussite des plants transfĂ©rĂ©s en sachet de plus de 95 % a Ă©tĂ© enregistrĂ© pour chacune des espèces. Des cas de nĂ©croses de feuilles ont Ă©tĂ© notĂ©s chez Ricinodendron heudelotii.   English title: Harvest period and seed germination rate of three wild fruit trees: Akpi, Choco and Bitei, around TaĂŻ National Park This study was carried out to determine the maturity periods and degree of fruit germination for the domestication of three species of wild fruit trees: Beilschmiedia mannii, Irvingia gabonensis and Ricinodendron heudelotii, around TaĂŻ national Park. By the method of semi-direct interview and setting up the nursery (creation of germiners and transfer of plants in bags), it appears that the fruiting of Beilschmiedia mannii occurs between October and December, that of Ricinodendron heudelotii between July and September and that of Irvingia gabonensis took place between December of the current year and March of the following year. The degree of seed germination varies from one species to another. Beilschmiedia mannii, Irvingia gabonensis and Ricinodendron heudelotii presented respectively the following average germination rates 76.63%, 34.35% and 27.45%; the germination rate of the first species being statistically different from those of the other two species. The germination time for each species is plus or minus one month a month and half. A success rate of plants transferred in sachet of more than 95% was recorded for each species. Leaf necrosis has been noted in Ricinodendron heudelotii
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