Concerning the Allocation of Emerging Natural Foci of the Currently Important Infectious Diseases in the West of Kazakhstan

Within the period of 2000-2011, in the West of Kazakhstan, identified have been five, previously unknown in the territory, natural foci of dangerous infectious diseases such as hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, Astrakhan spotty fever, Crimean hemorrhagic fever, West Nile fever, and tick-borne viral encephalitis. The reason is that key ecological factors for the persistence of the infections in the local biocoenoses occurred. It is characteristic that circulation of the agents of new infectious diseases is registered in the territory of the long-established natural plague and tularemia foci. Since 2000 and on, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome morbidity is registered in the Western-Kazakhstan Region on a regular basis. There is some evidence to identification of West Nile fever patients in the territory of Russia in 2012, which came from Kazakhstan. Based on the spatial distribution of the natural foci of various infections, Western-Kazakhstan Region has been subdivided into four areas. In order to provide for the effective prophylaxis of emerging diseases, it is essential that healthcare facilities and services dealing with infectious diseases are consolidated and reinforced, and epidemiological surveillance is improved with the current conditions in mind

Dissemination of <i>Yersinia pestis</i> of Medieval Biovar in Northern, North-Western Caspian Sea Region and Fore-Caucasus in the second Half of the Twentieth Century

Objective of the study was to determine the origin of Y. pestis strains that widely disseminated in natural plague foci of Northern, North-Western Caspian Sea region and Fore-Caucasus in the second half of the XX century. Materials and methods. We have carried out the investigation of properties and whole genome sequencing of 22 Y. pestis strains, isolated between 1923 and 2003 in five natural foci of the souslik type, situated in Northern and North-Western Caspian Sea region and Fore-Caucasus. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted using the data of whole genome SNP-typing, based on 1348 identified SNPs. The search of SNPs in the core genome was performed with the help of Wombac 2.0 software. Phylogenetic relations were analyzed using Maximum Likelihood dendrogram, GTR model. Results and discussion. All the studied strains from the foci of Northern, North-Western Caspian Sea region and Fore-Caucasus fall into phylogenetic branch 2. MED1of medieval biovar. On the basis of whole genome SNP-analysis, existence of two groups of closely related strains, comprising the strains dated 1923-1945 and 1962-2003, has been revealed. The predecessors of the 1962-2003 strains from the Northern, North-Western Caspian Sea region and Fore-Caucasus on the phylogenetic tree are the strains from Northern Aral Sea region that go back to 1945. It testifies to the fact that synchronized activation of a group of natural foci in Caspian Sea lowland and Fore-Caucasus in 1975-1979, after prolonged 20-37 year long breaks, could be caused by the dissemination of the strains from the Northern Aral Sea region. The data of epizootic observations indicate that activation of Volga-Ural sandy plague focus in 1960s preceded the start of registration of plague epizooties in the territory of natural foci of souslik type in Northern, North-Western Caspian sea region and Fore-Caucasus

Comparative Analysis of Particularly Dangerous Infections Manifestations in the Territory of the Saratov and West-Kazakhstan Regions with a View to Advanced Epidemiological Risk Assessment

On the model of the Saratov and West-Kazakhstan regions carried out is the analysis of the current epidemiological and epizootiological situations in the cross-border territories of the two states: the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan. Depicted is not only the common area of natural-focal territories of old-established infections, such as tularemia, but an intense outspread and formation of natural foci of the emerging infectious diseases too: Crimean hemorrhagic and West Nile fevers. This phenomenon assumes a great deal of importance due to dissemination and circulation of previously unknown to these areas infections concurrently in the two neighboring regions. Specified uniformity of epidemiological public risks in the bordering regions testifies to the need for development and implementation of the integrated system for prevention and response to the emergency situations in the sphere of sanitary-epidemiological welfare of the population in the territory of both of them

Impact of the Present-Day Climate Changes on the Natural Plague Foci Condition, Situated in the Territory of the Russian Federation and Other CIS Countries

Climate changes determine dynamics of epizootic activity of natural plague foci in the XX and XXI centuries. Obvious shift to continentality in the Northern hemisphere can put an end to inter-epizootic period in lowland steppe and semi-desert natural foci of the Pre-Caucasian region, North and North-West Caspian Sea regions. Presently observed conjoined development of inter-epizootic periods in natural plague foci with different biocoenotic structure in the territory of Pre-Caspian Lowland gives the grounds for assuming the presence of a common cause preconditioning parasitic system depression in the region. One of the key elements of this phenomenon is a change of status of little souslik – formerly the main plague carrier in the region. Subsequent to the climate change the key role of plague carrier is more often played by non-hibernating rodent species nowadays. Thus a significant increase in epizootic potential of steppe natural plague foci in the territory of Kazakhstan and Central Asia is prognosticated. With the further temperature fall during wintertime, snow cover height increase and glacial area extension epizootic activity of the mountain and high mountain foci must drop off significantly. Alongside with this updated data on plague agent ecology, predetermining possibility of its existence in the soil biota, confirm the key role of climactic factors in the plague enzootic outbreak

Results of a Joint Epizootiological Survey of Transboundary Natural Plague Foci of the Russian Federation and Potentially Focal Territories of the Republic of Kazakhstan in 2019–2022

Consolidation of the efforts in implementation of epidemiological surveillance and control over plague and other dangerous natural-focal infections is an essential aspect in ensuring epidemiological well-being as regards particularly dangerous infectious diseases in the territory of natural plague foci and potentially focal territories located within the borders of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan. The aim of the work was to carry out a joint epizootiological survey of the transboundary territories of the Volga-Ural sandy natural plague focus and the territory of the East Kazakhstan region of the Republic of Kazakhstan (RK) potentially focal for plague over the period of 2019–2022. Materials and methods. Samples of field materials, collected during the epizootiological survey of the territory of Kazakhstan, were studied using bacteriological, molecular-genetic, and immune-serological methods. Results and discussion. We have obtained the current evidence on the spatial-biocenotic structure, the circulation of pathogens of dangerous natural-focal infectious diseases in the transboundary territories of Eastern and Western Kazakhstan. It has been established that the conditions that contribute to the possibility of human infection with plague and other dangerous infectious diseases in case of the aggravation of epizootic situation in the foci or importation of the pathogens into the territory are in place

Provision of Epidemiological Welfare on Plague under Aggravation of Epizootic Situation in the Pre-Caspian Sandy Natural Plague Focus in 2014

Reviewed are the lessons learned from cooperation between Rospotrebnadzor institutions in the provision of epidemiological welfare on plague under aggravation of epizootic situation in the territory of the Pre-Caspian sandy natural plague focus in 2014. Plague control measures combined epizootiological and epidemiological monitoring, specific and non-specific prophylaxis, training activities for medical and veterinary officers, instructional advice for medical facilities on matters of infection prevention, and sensitization campaign. Furthermore, vaccinated against plague were 4460 people, field disinsection over 50.5 km2 area was performed, as well as field deratization - 89.4 km2, township disinsection - 257.3 thous. m2, and township deratization - 329.1 thous. m2. Financial expenses on prophylactic (anti-epidemic) activities amounted to 23265.8 thousand rubles. Outlined was viability of preventive planning and prophylactic measures in the territories with forecasted aggravation of epizootic situation in natural plague foci of the Russian Federation

Factors that Predetermined Activation of Plague Epizooties in the Pre-Caspian Sandy Natural Focus in 2014

In 2014, in the central coastal part of the Pre-Caspian sandy natural plague focus, activation of epizootic process in the complex rodent settlements occurred. Objective of the study was to identify the factors that predetermined the development of intensive and extensive plague epizooties. Utilized were operational data from the Astrakhan, Elista, and Dagestan plague control stations, and personal investigation records gathered in the focus. Consequently to the high baseline numbers of rodents and fleas, mild winter weather in 2013-2014 population density of the vectors and carriers of the infection significantly exceeded long-term average annual indexes in the following spring. Total abundance rates reached up to 31.1 specimens per a hectare, being lowered up to 17.8 by the fall. Stock of the main vector of plague, N. laeviceps flea, amounted to 350 and to 120 per a hectare in the spring and autumn, respectively. All in all, in the course of the three rolling seasons isolated were 56 Y. pestis cultures: 17 strains - from the rodents, and 39 - from the fleas. The overall epizootic area totaled to 2300 km2. Plague epizooties were registered in the zone of sustained natural focality within the bonds of the Ilmen-Pridelta, Primorsky, and Chernozemelsky landscape-epizootic regions in the administrative territory of the Limansky District in the Astrakhan Region, Lagansky and Chernozemelsky Regions of the Republic of Kalmykia, and Tarumovsky Region of the Republic of Dagestan. Results of monitoring over the epizootic manifestations and plague carrier and vector abundance dynamics provided the basis for scheduling and performance of anti-epidemic activities, as well as for forecasting of the epidemic situation development in the focus

SURGICAL TREATMENT OF PARALYTIC SEVERE CLUBFOOT OF SEVERE DEGREE IN ADULTS (CLINICAL PRACTICE CASE)

The short-term result of treatment of the patient with an severe clubfoot who underwent a surgical treatment is represented. Besides the patient suffered from talipes varus and short cavovarus deformity which were eliminated during the surgery. To eliminate a multicomponent talipes a technique of two-stage surgical treatment of the given severe pathology devised in SarNIITO was used. It made it possible to achieve a complete elimination of the talipes, a high-grade restoration of anatomy and functions of the ankle, and in the future it will allow to improve life quality of the particular patient