Macro-Regional Analysis of the Carbon Intensity of the Economy

Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals formulated by the UN is one of the priorities of modern economic policy. At the same time, its implementation should take into account the macro-regional specifics. Without this kind of accounting, due to the emerging imbalances, it will not be possible to ensure the sustainability of development. One of the components of sustainable development is the decarbonization of the economy. The purpose of the study: macro-regional analysis of the mutual impact of energy consumption, carbon dioxide emissions and economic growth trends. At a time when ensuring sustainable economic growth is an important task of economic policy, improving energy efficiency turns out to be a key factor in reducing carbon emissions. Research methods: dynamics analysis, structure analysis, methods of comparative analysis and generalization. The article studies the dynamics of changes in the carbon intensity of GDP on the example of two countries with the largest economies — the United States and China. The analysis showed that macro-regions with a high level of technological development manage to reduce carbon dioxide emissions more intensively, while ensuring economic growth

Modified high-strength concrete with the addition of CONPLAST SP430

In most high-strength concrete technologies, high-quality Portland cements are used, which is not always achievable in conditions of a shortage of such binders. The research’s purpose is to obtain high-strength concrete based on ordinary Portland cement of the M400 brand. To achieve this goal, the possibility of using the superplasticizer Conplast SP430 was studied. The research was carried out using standard methods, like using mathematical planning and result’s analytical processing. The implementation of the experiment allowed us to determine the optimal values of the basic composition of concrete: the consumption of superplasticizer-1.0 % of the mass of cement; the consumption of cement-485 kg/m3, the ratio of sand/crushed stone-0.36. At the optimal value of the parameters, the achieved maximum compressive strength was 58.8 MPa. The novelty is the justification of the possibility of obtaining high-strength concretes using Portland cement with an activity not exceeding 40 MPa based on the use of a new generation superplasticizer and the development of the basics of the method for selecting the composition of concrete. The significance of the result is due to the expansion of the possibility of using ordinary Portland cement for the production of products and structures with the use of high-strength concrete

Pilot tests of a catalyst for the selective hydrogenation of acetylene

Pilot tests of SGA-2M promoted Pd/Al2O3 catalyst in the selective hydrogenation of acetylene are performed on an industrial ethane-ethylene fraction in a system of two serially arranged adiabatic flow reactors. The optimum process conditions under which the conversion of acetylene reaches 100% at a selectivity of 68.2% with respect to ethylene are determined: system pressure, 21 atm; hydrocarbon feedstock hourly space velocity (HSV), 1500 h-1, carbon monoxide concentration, 7 ppm; H2: C 2H2 molar ratio at the first and second hydrogenation stages, 1.0: 1.0 and 1.4: 1.0; inlet temperature of the first and second reactors, 40 and 55 C, respectively. The interregeneration service life of the SGA-2M catalyst under optimum conditions is estimated at 12 months. SGA-2M catalysts can be recommended for purifying ethane-ethylene fractions containing up to 2 vol % of acetylene. © 2013 Pleiades Publishing, Ltd

Effect of promotion with cobalt or zinc on the hydrogenating and oligomerizing activities of the Pd/Al2O3 catalyst in the hydrogenation of the BTX fraction

The promoter nature and content effects on the catalytic activity and stability of Pd-Co/δ-Al2O3 and Pd-Zn/δ-Al 2O3 bimetallic catalysts in the hydrogenation of dienic and vinyl aromatic hydrocarbons in the BTX fraction have been investigated by IR spectroscopy and temperature-programmed reduction. The Pd: Co (Zn) molar ratio in the catalysts prepared is 1.0: 0.5, 1.0: 1.0, or 1.0: 1.5, and their Pd content is 0.5 wt %. The support is δ-Al2O3 doped with sodium (0.5 wt %). Promotion of the palladium catalyst with zinc and cobalt causes the disappearance of cationic palladium species, thereby reducing the oligomerizing capacity of the active component, and, as was demonstrated by 100-h-long catalytic tests, enhances the stability of the catalyst. The Pd-Co/δ-Al2O3(Na) catalyst with Pd: Co = 1.0: 1.0 mol/mol is recommended for the hydrogenation of the BTX fraction under industrial conditions. The expected service life of this catalyst between regenerations is 16 months. © 2013 Pleiades Publishing, Ltd

Multifrequency Study of Giant Radio Pulses from the Crab Pulsar with the K5 VLBI Recording Terminal

Simultaneous multifrequency observations of the Crab pulsar giant pulses (GPs) were performed with the 64-m Kalyazin radio telescope at four frequencies 0.6, 1.4, 2.2 and 8.3 GHz using the K5 VLBI recording terminal. The K5 terminal provided continuous recording in 16 4-MHz wide frequency channels distributed over 4 frequency bands. Several thousands of GPs were detected during about 6 hours of observations in two successive days in July 2005. Radio spectra of single GPs were analysed at separate frequencies and over whole frequency range. These spectra manifest notable modulation over frequency ranges, $\Delta\nu$, both on large ($\Delta\nu/\nu\approx 0.5$) and small ($\Delta\nu/\nu\approx 0.01$) frequency scales. Cross-correlation analysis of GPs at 2.2 GHz showed that their pulse shapes can be interpreted as an ensemble of unresolved bursts grouped together at time scales of $\approx 1$ mcs being well-correlated over a 60-MHz band. The corresponding GP cross-correlation functions do not obey the predictions of the amplitude-modulated noise model of Rickett (1975), thus indicating that unresolved components represent a small number of elementary emitters.Comment: 22 pages, 11 figures, 3 tables, submitted to PAS

Verification of magnetic resonance tractography results and detection of damaged axonal paths

Purpose. Optimization of previously developed verification methods for the analysis of MRI data measured in healthy volunteers and patients. Analysis of axonal fiber tracking in the area of hemorrhagic stroke for better detection of damaged paths and areas in the brain. To indentify the correlation parameters with the severity of injury. Materials and methods. Axonal tractography was performed on a digital phantom with predetermined tracts trajectories and on volunteers and patients, measured on a clini-cal 1.5 T scanner with parameters specific to routine clinical measurements and on 3T ex-pert class scanner specially designed for the measurement of diffusion, which provides data with a higher spatial resolution and signal to noise ratio. Verification of the tractography results was based on proposed earlier methods of probability calculation and Shannon in-formation entropy along the paths. Results. It was found that the probability was better than the entropy in path direc-tion characterization and the entropy allowed determining the area of intersection and the branching of paths. A certain correlation was found between the degree of injury and the amount of entropy in the affected area. Conclusions. The combination of entropy and the probability of diffusion along the axonal tracts allows to estimate the probability of passage routes particular trajectory and thus can serve as a measure criterion of the reliability of the axonal tractography results. Entropy allows to evaluate the severity of the lesions, but this hypothesis needs further in-vestigation in more patients