Methodology for application of supramolecular fenbendazole against helminthosis of ruminants

The purpose of the research is developing a methodology for application of the supramolecular complex of fenbendazole (SMCF) against helminthosis in ruminants.The SMCF was obtained by the method of mechanochemical technology with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) in a ratio of 1 : 10 in a balling drum. The drug was produced in plastic cans of 2, 4 and 8 kg and stored in its original packaging in dry, nonresidential area. The SMCF was used against gastrointestinal strongylatosis, dictyocaulosis and monieziosis of sheep and goats at a dose of 20 mg/kg (2 mg/kg for the active substance). The methodology provides a brief chemical characteristic of the SMCF, summarizes its mode of action, and describes toxicological properties, which gives an idea of the drug in general. The procedure is described for preparing the drug for use on animals, both individually and in a group. Reasoned recommendations are given on the timing for animal slaughter, and the use of milk after treating cows

Кумулятивные свойства и субхроническая токсичность супрамолекулярного комплекса фенбендазола

The purpose of the research is to study the cumulative effect and subchronic toxicity of supramolecular complex of fenbendazole (SMCF).Materials and methods. The cumulative effect of SMCF was studied on 20 outbred white rats weighing 180 g that were divided into experimental and control groups of 10 animals each. SMCF was administered intragastrically to rats of the experimental groups for 24 days at the dose of 2000 mg/kg (1/10 of the previously established single LD50 (20000 mg/kg)) on the first day, then the dose was increased by 1.5 times every four day. The main criterion for evaluation of the results was the death of animals; we also observed the overall condition and behavior of rats. Subchronic toxicity was studied on 40 male white rats weighing 220–240 g. The animals were divided into 4 equal groups. The drug was administered daily to rats of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd experimental groups intragastrically using the doses of 1/5 (4000 mg/kg), 1/10 (2000 mg/ kg) and 1/20 (1000 mg/kg) of LD50 (20000 mg/kg) respectively for 7 days. The control group received 1% starch paste in an appropriate volume throughout the experiment. During the experiment, we observed physical signs and behavior of animals, food and water consumption; weight gains of animals on the 1st, 3rd, 5th and 7th days of the experiment. After the drug administration, animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation. The laboratory examinations for hematological parameters and biochemical parameters were performed after treatment. Samples of organs (liver, heart, lungs, kidneys, spleen) were taken during necropsy to calculate mass coefficients and to make macroscopic examinations.Results and discussion. We found that the SMCF did not have any cumulative properties. The overall condition and behavior of rats was within the physiological range; animals consumed food and water and showed no signs of intoxication after oral administration of SMCF at doses of 1/5, 1/10 and 1/20 of LD50 for 7 days. The drug did not have influence on weight gains of animals. Hematological and biochemical parameters did not undergo significant changes and were comparable with the parameters of the control group. The mass coefficients of the internal organs did not differ statistically in experimental and control groups of rats. Цель исследований – изучить кумулятивные свойства и субхроническую токсичность супрамолекулярного комплекса фенбендазола (СМКФ).Материалы и методы. Кумулятивные свойства СМКФ изучали на 20 беспородных белых крысах живой массой 180 г, которых разделили на опытную и контрольную группы по 10 животных в каждой. СМКФ вводили крысам опытной группы внутрижелудочно в течение 24 сут: в первый день в дозе 2000 мг/кг (1/10 от ранее установленной однократной ЛД50 (20000 мг/кг)), затем дозу увеличивали в 1,5 раза через каждые четыре дня. Основным критерием оценки результатов является гибель животных; также учитывали общее состояние и поведение крыс. Субхроническую токсичность изучали на 40 белых крысах-самцах массой тела 220–240 г. Животных разделили на 4 равные группы. Препарат вводили крысам 1, 2 и 3-й опытных групп в дозах соответственно 1/5 (4000 мг/кг), 1/10 (2000 мг/кг) и 1/20 (1000 мг/кг) от ЛД50 (20000 мг/кг) в течение 7 сут ежедневно внутрижелудочно с помощью зонда. Контрольная группа на протяжении всего опыта получала 1 %-ный крахмальный клейстер в соответствующих объемах. В течение опыта проводили наблюдение за общим состоянием и поведением животных, приемом корма и воды; учитывали прирост массы тела животных на 1, 3, 5 и 7-е сутки опыта. После окончания введения препаратов животных подвергали эвтаназии методом декапитации. Отбирали пробы крови для определения основных гематологических и биохимических показателей; после вскрытия отбирали образцы внутренних органов (печени, сердца, легких, почек, селезенки) для определения массовых коэффициентов и макроскопических исследований.Результаты и обсуждение. Установлено, что СМКФ не обладает кумулятивными свойствами. При пероральном введении СМКФ в дозах 1/5, 1/10 и 1/20 от ЛД50 крысам в течение 7 сут общее состояние и поведение животных было в пределах физиологической нормы; крысы активно принимали корм и воду, признаки интоксикации отсутствовали; введение препарата не оказывало существенного влияния на прирост массы тела животных. Гематологические и биохимические показатели крови не подвергались значительным изменениям и были сравнимы с показателями контрольной группы животных. Массовые коэффициенты внутренних органов достоверно не отличались у крыс опытных и контрольной группы.

Evaluation of the efficacy of benzimidazole anthelmintics against different stages of gastrointestinal nematodes of young cattle

The purpose of the research is to study the efficacy of benzimidazole anthelmintics against different development stages of gastrointestinal nematodes of young cattle.Materials and methods. The efficacy of benzimidazole drugs against early development stages of gastrointestinal nematodes was evaluated on 58 male calves aged 12–18 months spontaneously infected with gastrointestinal strongylates on the Moscow Region farms contaminated by nematode parasites. The animals were weighed, numbered and divided into experimental and control groups of 7–10 animals each. The male calves from different experimental groups were orally administered Panacur, Febtal, Fenbendazole (substance), Alben, Alvet, Valbazen, Closalben and Albendazole 10% powder once at a dose of 7.5 mg/kg for the active substance. The control animals did not receive the drug. The drug efficacy was recorded in the experiments of the "control test" type based on the coproovoscopic examination results by the flotation method using a VIGIS counting chamber, and on the results of helminthological dissections of the digestive tract of 3–5 animals from each group. The drug efficacy was recorded as per the Guidelines Approved by the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (1995). The results were processed statistically using the Microsoft Excel computer tool.Results and discussion. We established the 94.4–97.2% efficacy of the drugs based on benzimidazoles, namely, Panacur, Febtal, Alben, Alvet, Valbazen and Closalben in therapeutic doses against imaginal gastrointestinal strongylates and 44.2–69.2% activity against nematode larvae

Methodology for the quantitative determination of fenbendazole and its metabolites in organs and tissues of animals by high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry detection

The purpose of the research is to develop a methodology for the quantitative determination of fenbendazole (FBZ) and its metabolites in organs and tissues of sheep by high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass-spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS).Materials and methods. The method for determining of FBZ and its metabolites after the administration of the supramolecular complex of fenbendazole was validated in accordance with international guidelines for the following indicators: linearity, recovery, specificity, precision, accuracy, limits of quantitative and qualitative determination.Results and discussion. The method of quantitative analysis of FBZ and its metabolites sulfone and sulfoxide in the body of sheep after the administration of the supramolecular complex has been adapted. The proposed method has a linear relationship (R > 0.99) in the range of 5–1000 ng / g and has shown a good reproducibility and accuracy

Методика по применению супрамолекулярного фенбендазола при гельминтозах жвачных животных

The purpose of the research is developing a methodology for application of the supramolecular complex of fenbendazole (SMCF) against helminthosis in ruminants.The SMCF was obtained by the method of mechanochemical technology with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) in a ratio of 1 : 10 in a balling drum. The drug was produced in plastic cans of 2, 4 and 8 kg and stored in its original packaging in dry, nonresidential area. The SMCF was used against gastrointestinal strongylatosis, dictyocaulosis and monieziosis of sheep and goats at a dose of 20 mg/kg (2 mg/kg for the active substance). The methodology provides a brief chemical characteristic of the SMCF, summarizes its mode of action, and describes toxicological properties, which gives an idea of the drug in general. The procedure is described for preparing the drug for use on animals, both individually and in a group. Reasoned recommendations are given on the timing for animal slaughter, and the use of milk after treating cows.Цель исследований: разработать методику по применению супрамолекулярного комплекса фенбендазола (СМКФ) при гельминтозах жвачных животных.СМКФ получали методом механохимической технологии с поливинилпирролидоном (ПВП) в соотношении 1 : 10 в барабане шаровой мельницы. Выпускали препарат в пластмассовых канистрах емкостью 2, 4 и 8 кг. Хранили препарат в заводской упаковке в сухом, нежилом помещении. СМКФ применяли при стронгилятозах пищеварительного тракта, диктиокаулезе, мониезиозе овец и коз в дозе 20 мг/кг (2 мг/кг по ДВ). В методике приведена краткая химическая характеристика СМКФ, приведен механизм его действия, описаны токсикологические свойства, что, в целом, дает представление о препарате. Описана процедура подготовки препарата для применения на животных как индивидуально, так и групповым методом. Приведены обоснованные рекомендации по срокам убоя животных и использования молока после обработки коров

Optimal schemes for the use of anthelmintics at gastrointestinal strongylatosis of young cattle

The purpose of the research is to study the rational terms for the use of anthelmintics in case of gastrointestinal strongylatoses of young cattle in Nonchernozem zone of the Russian Federation.Materials and methods. The timing of the onset of re-isolation of nematode eggs with feces of cattle after the use of some anthelmintics was determined on 50 black-motley calves weighing 117–130 kg, spontaneously infected with gastrointestinal strongylates. The optimal schemes for the use of anthelmintics in case of gastrointestinal strongylatosis of young cattle were studied on 109 calves of the first year of grazing in the pasture period of 2010. After numbering, the animals were weighed and divided into experimental and control groups. Each group was divided into two subgroups of 15–17 heads. Animals of all groups from May 3 to October 10, 2018 were grazed together in one herd on a pasture where cattle infected with strongylates had previously grazed. Levamisole from the group of imidothiazoles, Alben from the group of benzimidazoles and Aversect-2 from the group of macrocyclic lactones were tested. The drugs were used in therapeutic doses: levamisole at a dose of 7.5 mg/kg by AS intramuscularly, Alben at a dose of 7.5 mg/kg with concentrated feed, and Aversect-2 at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg subcutaneously once. Levamisole was administered to the animals of the first group on the 6th, 10th and 14th weeks of grazing, and to the animals of the second group - on the 6th and 10th weeks of grazing. Alben was used on young cattle of the third group on the 6th, 11th and 16th weeks, and on the animals of the fourth group - on the 6th and 11th weeks of grazing. Aversect-2 was administered to cattle of the fifth group at the 6th, 13th and 20th weeks of grazing, and to the animals of the sixth group – at the 6th and 13th weeks. Animals of the 7th group did not receive the drug and served as control. Fecal samples were taken from animals of all groups on a monthly basis and investigated by a quantitative method in order to detect eggs of gastrointestinal strongylate. The results obtained were statistically processed using the computer program Microsoft Excel.Results and discussion. Tests of drugs for gastrointestinal strongylatoses of young cattle showed different persistence of anthelmintic action. After deworming the animals, single eggs of strongylate in their faeces were again detected 4 weeks after the administration of Levamisole, 5 weeks after the administration of Alben, and 7 weeks after the administration of Aversect-2. The most rational scheme for deworming young cattle with gastrointestinal strongylatoses is the use of Aversect-2 on the 6th and 19th weeks of grazing

Evaluation of the efficacy of solid dispersion of fenbendazole against different stages of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep in Samara region

The purpose of the research is to study the efficacy of a solid dispersion of fenbendazole at different stages of gastrointestinal nematodes of young sheep. Materials and methods. Evaluation of the efficacy of a solid dispersion of fenbendazole at different stages of gastrointestinal nematodes was carried out in the farms of the Samara region on 35 sheep aged 7–10 months naturally infected with gastrointestinal strongylates. Animals were divided into experimental and control groups of 8-9 animals each. A solid dispersion of fenbendazole was administered once orally at a dose of 2.0 mg/kg of active substance to the animals of the first experimental group. Animals of the 2nd group received the substance of fenbendazole at a dose of 2 mg/kg. The basic drug – Panakur was administered to the sheep of the 3rd experimental group at a dose of 5 mg/kg. Animals of the control group did not receive the drugs. The efficacy of the drugs was calculated in the experiment of «control test» based on the results of coproovoscopic examination, as well as on the results of helminthological necropsy of the digestive tract of animals, 3–5 sheep from each group. Results and discussion. The solid dispersion of fenbendazole showed 97.8–98.2% efficacy against adult strongylates and 80.6–87.5% against larvae. The substance of fenbendazole at the same dose – 2 mg/kg revealed 33.0–41.7% and 16.1–26.9% efficacy respectively. The basic drug Panakur showed 95.4–97.3% and 46.7–73.9% efficacy against imaginal strongylates and larvae respectively at a dose of 5.0 mg/kg of active substance

Analysis of benzimidazole anthelmintic resistance in parasitic nematodes <i>Haemonchus contortus</i> using nested isothermal amplification (PCR)

The purpose of the research is to monitor farms located in the European part of the Russian Federation to identify resistance to effects of benzimidazole anthelmintics in populations of nematodes Haemonchus contortus dwelling in the gastrointestinal tract of small cattle.Materials and methods. The studies were conducted in slaughterhouses located in the Moscow Region in 2023–2024. At the first stage, taxonomic identification of parasitic nematodes and larvae (L3) was made, and Strongylata species was determined from sheep. The study material was the abomasum with duodenum fragments and a distal rectum fragment with feces. For molecular studies, we used mature nematodes and H. contortus L3 larvae isolated from the abomasum and feces of small cattle brought to slaughterhouses in the Moscow Region from 8 regions of the European part of the Russian Federation: Moscow, Astrakhan, Oryol, Lipetsk, Tula, Bryansk regions, Stavropol and Dagestan. The studies were conducted at the premises of the Laboratory of Molecular Biology, the VNIIP – FSC VIEV. Statistical processing of the obtained data was made, and mean infection rates of parasitic nematodes (infection intensity and prevalence) were determined. Fifty-six DNA samples of nematodes H. contortus were examined using nested isothermal amplification (PCR) to identify gene alleles that determine resistance to benzimidazole drugs.Results and discussion. Molecular genetic studies of H. contortus DNA sampled from sheep brought from different Regions only detected homozygous individuals (100%) resistant to benzimidazole in the parasitic nematode population from the Oryol Region. Other regions identified only homozygous and heterozygous individuals susceptible to benzimidazole

Modifcation of anthelmintic drugs by nanotechnology (review)

The purpose of the research is to analyze and summarize the literature data and the results of our own studies on the use of drug delivery systems and methods for increasing the solubility and efcacy of anthelmintic drugs.Helminthoses are one of the most important problems in veterinary medicine and animal husbandry, not only due to the pathological effects, but also due to the spread of anthelmintic resistance. Since the development of new anthelmintic substances takes many years and investment, some strategies are currently focused on modifying existing drugs to increase their efcacy, reduce side effects and overcome anthelmintic resistance. Literature data analysis on various methods and means of increasing the solubility and efcacy of anthelmintic drugs was carried out and the prospects for their use, including using modern nanotechnological methods of drug delivery were given

Effect of digitalization on unemployment among the elderly population in EAEU countries

Objective: to identify current trends in the labor market under digitalization and the growing risks and global instability in the world and national markets in the EAEU countries.Methods: panel data analysis models, graphical method, least squares method, generalized feasible least squares method.Results: the data of the EAEU countries from 2016 to 2020 show the synchronization of unemployment indicators; a slight increase in the share of unemployed aged 55 and older in all countries except Russia; a decrease in value added produced within the “Information and Communication” type of activity, with the exception of Kazakhstan; during the pandemic, a decrease in the integral indicator of unemployment and the number of unemployed aged 55 and older was found under the influence of the gross value added within the “Information and Communication” type of activity, as well as a decrease in unemployment among elder citizens under the influence of the share of the population using the Internet.Scientific novelty: the current trends of unemployment are reflected, under digitalization and the growing risks and global instability in the world and national markets in the EAEU countries.Practical significance: the main conclusions of the article can be an argument in favor of the competitive advantages of the older population in the labor market under digitalization and uncertainty of economy