Nonequilibrium effects in tunnel Josephson junctions

We study nonequilibrium effects in current transport through voltage biased tunnel junction with long diffusive superconducting leads at low applied voltage, $eV \ll 2\Delta$, and finite temperatures. Due to a small value of the Josephson frequency, the quasiparticle spectrum adiabatically follows the time evolution of the superconducting phase difference, which results in the formation of oscillating bound states in the vicinity of the tunnel junction (Andreev band). The quasiparticles trapped by the Andreev band generate higher even harmonics of the Josephson ac current, and also, in the presence of inelastic scattering, a non-equilibrium dc current, which may considerably exceed the dc quasiparticle current given by the tunnel model. The distribution of travelling quasiparticles also deviates from the equilibrium due to the spectrum oscillations, which results in an additional contribution to the dc current, proportional to $\sqrt{V}$.Comment: 11 pages, 7 figures, to be published in Phys. Rev.

(Table 2) Fauna Harpacticoida and its distribution in the Kandalaksha Bay (White Sea) in July 1998 and 1999

Dependence of the faunal composition and species structure of the White Sea littoral Harpacticoida on sediment properties was studied. Three groups of species could be distinguished according to their relationship with sediment properties: (1) species typical of silty sediments, (2) species preferring sediments with high gravel content, and (3) species inhabiting well-sorted washed sands. Vertical distribution of crustaceans within sediments of different types was studied. Vertical migrations of harpacticoids (3) during the tidal cycle were described. Data on interannual variability of harpacticoid fauna are presented