Saturation of Penicillin-Binding Protein 1 by Beta-Lactam Antibiotics in Growing Cells of Bacillus Licheniformis

With the help of a new highly sensitive method allowing the quantification of free penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) and of an integrated mathematical model, the progressive saturation of PBP1 by various beta-lactam antibiotics in growing cells of Bacillus licheniformis was studied. Although the results confirmed PBP1 as a major lethal target for these compounds, they also underlined several weaknesses in our present understanding of this phenomenon. In growing cells, but not in resting cells, the penicillin target(s) appeared to be somewhat protected from the action of the inactivators. In vitro experiments indicated that amino acids, peptides and depsipeptides mimicking the peptide moiety of the nascent peptidoglycan significantly interfered with the acylation of PBP1 by the antibiotics. In addition, the level of PBP1 saturation at antibiotic concentrations corresponding to the minimum inhibitory concentrations was not constant, suggesting that additional, presently undiscovered, factors might be necessary to account for the experimental observations

The meek shall inherit the burrow : feedback in earthworm soil modification

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Design and Comparison of FFT VLSI Architectures for SoC Telecom Applications with Different Flexibility, Speed and Complexity Trade-Offs

The design of Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) integrated architectures for System-on-Chip (SoC) telecom applications is addressed in this paper. After reviewing the FFT processing requirements of wireless and wired Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) standards, including the emerging Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) and OFDM Access (OFDMA) schemes, three FFT architectures are proposed: a fully parallel, a pipelined cascade and an in-place variable-size architecture, which offer different trade-offs among flexibility, processing speed and complexity. Silicon implementation results and comparisons with the state-of-the-art prove that each macrocell outperforms the known works for a target application. The fully parallel is optimized for throughput requirements up to several GSamples/s enabling Ultra-wideband (UWB) communications by using all channels foreseen in the standard. The pipelined cascade macrocell minimizes complexity for large size FFTs sustaining throughput up to 100 MSamples/s. The in-place variable-size FFT macrocell stands for its flexibility by allowing run-time reconfigurability required in OFDMA schemes while attaining the required throughput to support MIMO communications. The three architectures are also compared with common case-studies and target technology