Идентификация радионуклидов в воде контура охлаждения циклотрона Cyclon 18/9-HC

In the present work the patterns of relationship of photonic radiation dose rate from Cyclone 18/9HC water cooling system were studied at production of positron-emitting nuclides. Reaction (n, p) was shown to be the main source of activation nuclides in cyclotron cooling water at 18F production, resulting in formation of 16N (T1/2 = 7 s) from 16О. In water targets with high accumulated dose, when beam partially irradiates a target body, proton-induced reactions: 16О(p, α)11С and 18О(p, n)18F take place. Fluoride 18F–, carbonate 11СО32– and hydrocarbonate Н11СО3– anions, formed in proton-induced activation reactions, efficiently precipitate on anion-exchanging resin during water circulation resulting in circuit purification from the named radionuclides. Activation of cooling water does not occur at irradiation of gas targets. Projected annual dose for cyclotron operator from cooling water activation is less than 1 % of annual dose limit for personnel from technogeneous radioactive sources. In order to minimize operator`s accumulated doses it is recommended to decrease the duration of personnel activities at the distance less than 1 meter from heat exchanger during 18F production. At operation of water targets with absorbed dose higher than 2500 μA·h it is desirable to conduct the preventive maintenance of water cooling system not earlier than in half an hour after the end of irradiation and with mandatory dosimetry control. To decrease the activation of impurities it is essential to use only deionized water in cooling circuit. In case of its specific conductivity increase due to corrosion the coolant should be replaced promptly.Изучены закономерности изменения мощности дозы фотонного излучения от системы водного охлаждения ускорителя Cyclone 18/9-HC при производстве позитрон-излучающих радионуклидов. Показано, что основной реакцией активации воды контура охлаждения циклотрона при производстве 18F является реакция (n, p), в результате которой из 16О образуется 16N с периодом полураспада 7 с. В водных мишенях с большой накопленной дозой, когда пучок частично бьет в тело мишени, протекают ядерные реакции, индуцированные протонами: 16О(p, α)11С и 18О(p, n)18F. Анионы фторида 18F–, карбоната 11СО32– и гидрокарбоната Н11СО3 –, которые образуются в реакциях активации с участием протонов, в процессе циркуляции воды осаждаются на ионно-обменной смоле, что приводит к очистке контура охлаждения от указанных радионуклидов. При облучении газовой мишени не происходит активации воды контура охлаждения. Среднегодовая дозовая нагрузка оператора циклотрона от продуктов активации в контуре охлаждения эквивалентна менее 1 % от предельной годовой дозы персонала от техногенных источников излучения. Для снижения дозовой нагрузки на операторов рекомендуется максимально сокращать продолжительность пребывания персонала на расстоянии менее 1 м от теплообменника во время наработки 18F. При эксплуатации водных мишеней с набранной дозой свыше 2500 мкА · ч профилактическое обслуживание системы охлаждения желательно проводить не ранее, чем через 30 с после окончания облучения, и обязательно после дозиметрического контроля. С целью снижения активации примесей необходимо использовать в контуре охлаждения только деионизованную воду, а в случае увеличения ее удельной проводимости из-за коррозии – своевременно менять

Prediction of adult class II/III obesity from childhood BMI: the i3C consortium

Background and objectives: Adult class II/III obesity (BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2) has significant adverse health outcomes. Early prevention and treatment are critical, but prospective childhood risk estimates are lacking. This study aimed to define the prospective risk of adult class II/III obesity, using childhood BMI.Methods: Children ages 3–19 years enrolled in cohorts of the International Childhood Cardiovascular Cohort (i3C) consortium with measured BMI assessments in childhood and adulthood were included. Prospective risk of adult class II/III obesity was modeled based on childhood age, sex, race, and BMI.Results: A total of 12,142 individuals (44% male, 85% white) were assessed at median age 14 [Interquartile range, IQR: 11, 16] and 33 [28, 39] years. Class II/III adult obesity developed in 6% of children with normal weight; 29% of children with overweight; 56% of children with obesity; and 80% of children with severe obesity. However, 38% of the 1440 adults with class II/III obesity (553/1440) were normal weight as children. Prospective risk of adult class II/III obesity varied by age, sex, and race within childhood weight status classifications, and is notably higher for girls, black participants, and those in the United States. The risk of class II/III obesity increased with older adult age.Conclusions: Children with obesity or severe obesity have a substantial risk of adult class II/III obesity, and observed prospective risk estimates are now presented by age, sex, race, and childhood BMI. Clinical monitoring of children’s BMI for adult class II/III obesity risk may be especially important for females and black Americans.</p

Impact of lipid measurements in youth in addition to conventional clinic-based risk factors on predicting preclinical atherosclerosis in adulthood: The International Childhood Cardiovascular Cohort (i3C) Consortium

Background: Data suggest that the prediction of adult cardiovascular disease using a model comprised entirely of adult non-laboratory based risk factors is equivalent to an approach that additionally incorporates adult lipid measures. We assessed and compared the utility of a risk model based solely on non-laboratory risk factors in adolescence vs. a lipid model based on non-laboratory risk factors + lipids for predicting high-risk carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) in adulthood. Methods: The study comprised 2,893 participants aged 12-18 years from four longitudinal cohort studies from the United States (Bogalusa Heart Study and the Insulin Study), Australia (Childhood Determinants of Adult Health Study) and Finland (The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study) and followed into adulthood when cIMT was measured (mean follow-up 23.4 years). Overweight status was defined according to the Cole classification. Hypertension was defined according to the Fourth Report on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents from the National High Blood Pressure Education Program. High-risk plasma lipid levels were defined according to the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Cholesterol Levels in Children. High cIMT was defined as a study-specific value ≥90th percentile. Age-and sex were included in each model. Results: In univariate models all risk factors except for borderline high-and high triglycerides in adolescence were associated with high cIMT in adulthood. In multivariable models (RR [95% CI]), male sex (2.7 [2.0-2.6]), pre-hypertension (1.4 [1.0-1.9]), hypertension (1.9 [1.3-2.9]), overweight (2.0 [1.4-2.9]), obesity (3.7 [2.0-7.0]), borderline high LDL-cholesterol (1.6 [1.2-2.2]), high LDL-cholesterol (1.6 [1.1-2.1]) and borderline low HDL-cholesterol (1.4 [1.0-1.8]) remained significant predictors of high cIMT (P always Conclusions: Non-laboratory-based risk factors and lipids measured in adolescence independently predicted preclinical atherosclerosis in young adulthood. The addition of lipid measurements to traditional clinic based risk factor assessment provided a statistically significant but clinically modest improvement on adolescent prediction of high cIMT in adulthood

Childhood obesity and risk of the adult metabolic syndrome: a systematic review.

This is an Open Access articleBackground: While many studies have demonstrated positive associations between childhood obesity and adult metabolic risk, important questions remain as to the nature of the relationship. In particular, it is unclear whether the associations reflect the tracking of body mass index (BMI) from childhood to adulthood or an independent level of risk. This systematic review aimed to investigate the relationship between childhood obesity and a range of metabolic risk factors during adult life. Objective: To perform an unbiased systematic review to investigate the association between childhood BMI and risk of developing components of metabolic disease in adulthood, and whether the associations observed are independent of adult BMI. Design: Electronic databases were searched from inception until July 2010 for studies investigating the association between childhood BMI and adult metabolic risk. Two investigators independently reviewed studies for eligibility according to the inclusion/exclusion criteria, extracted the data and assessed study quality using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. Results: The search process identified 11 articles that fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Although several identified weak positive associations between childhood BMI and adult total cholesterol, low-density lipo protein-cholesterol, triglyceride and insulin concentrations, these associations were ameliorated or inversed when adjusted for adult BMI or body fatness. Of the four papers that considered metabolic syndrome as an end point, none showed evidence of an independent association with childhood obesity. Conclusions: Little evidence was found to support the view that childhood obesity is an independent risk factor for adult blood lipid status, insulin levels, metabolic syndrome or type 2 diabetes. The majority of studies failed to adjust for adult BMI and therefore the associations observed may reflect the tracking of BMI across the lifespan. Interestingly, where adult BMI was adjusted for, the data showed a weak negative association between childhood BMI and metabolic variables, with those at the lower end of the BMI range in childhood, but obese during adulthood at particular risk

Modifiable risk factors associated with bone deficits in childhood cancer survivors

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>To determine the prevalence and severity of bone deficits in a cohort of childhood cancer survivors (CCS) compared to a healthy sibling control group, and the modifiable factors associated with bone deficits in CCS.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Cross-sectional study of bone health in 319 CCS and 208 healthy sibling controls. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Generalized estimating equations were used to compare measures between CCS and controls. Among CCS, multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate odds ratios for BMD Z-score ≤ -1.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>All subjects were younger than 18 years of age. Average time since treatment was 10.1 years (range 4.3 - 17.8 years). CCS were 3.3 times more likely to have whole body BMD Z-score ≤ -1 than controls (95% CI: 1.4-7.8; p = 0.007) and 1.7 times more likely to have lumbar spine BMD Z-score ≤ -1 than controls (95% CI: 1.0-2.7; p = 0.03). Among CCS, hypogonadism, lower lean body mass, higher daily television/computer screen time, lower physical activity, and higher inflammatory marker IL-6, increased the odds of having a BMD Z-score ≤ -1.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>CCS, less than 18 years of age, have bone deficits compared to a healthy control group. Sedentary lifestyle and inflammation may play a role in bone deficits in CCS. Counseling CCS and their caretakers on decreasing television/computer screen time and increasing activity may improve bone health.</p

Salt restriction in kidney disease—a missed therapeutic opportunity?

The importance of salt restriction in the treatment of patients with renal disease has remained highly controversial. In the following we marshal the current evidence that salt plays a definite role in the genesis of hypertension and target organ damage, point to practical problems of salt restriction, and report on novel pathomechanisms of how salt affects blood pressure and causes target organ damage

The enigma of in vivo oxidative stress assessment: isoprostanes as an emerging target

Oxidative stress is believed to be one of the major factors behind several acute and chronic diseases, and may also be associated with ageing. Excess formation of free radicals in miscellaneous body environment may originate from endogenous response to cell injury, but also from exposure to a number of exogenous toxins. When the antioxidant defence system is overwhelmed, this leads to cell damage. However, the measurement of free radicals or their endproducts is tricky, since these compounds are reactive and short lived, and have diverse characteristics. Specific evidence for the involvement of free radicals in pathological situations has been difficult to obtain, partly owing to shortcomings in earlier described methods for the measurement of oxidative stress. Isoprostanes, which are prostaglandin-like bioactive compounds synthesized in vivo from oxidation of arachidonic acid, independently of cyclooxygenases, are involved in many human diseases, and their measurement therefore offers a way to assess oxidative stress. Elevated levels of F2-isoprostanes have also been seen in the normal human pregnancy, but their physiological role has not yet been defined. Large amounts of bioactive F2-isoprostanes are excreted in the urine in normal basal situations, with a wide interindividual variation. Their exact role in the regulation of normal physiological functions, however, needs to be explored further. Current understanding suggests that measurement of F2-isoprostanes in body fluids provides a reliable analytical tool to study oxidative stress-related diseases and experimental inflammatory conditions, and also in the evaluation of various dietary antioxidants, as well as drugs with radical-scavenging properties. However, assessment of isoprostanes in plasma or urine does not necessarily reflect any specific tissue damage, nor does it provide information on the oxidation of lipids other than arachidonic acid