Issues of legal regulation of the developed territories and space transportation in the short and medium term

The article is devoted to the development of law in the exploration of space by mankind. considered the issue of legal regulation of space transportation, the rights to celestial bodies, space weapons in the future. proposed options for the development of legal systems in expanding the human presence in space. Статья посвящена вопросам развития права при освоении человечеством космоса. Рассмотрен вопрос правового регулирования космических перевозок, прав на небесные тела, космических вооружений в будущем. Предложены варианты развития правовых систем при расширении человеческого присутствия в космос

The role of the state in social security law: history and development trends

The article is devoted to the analysis of the role of the state in social security law. Studied the historical aspect of this issue and development trends. Proposed changes to the current legislation. Статья посвящена анализу роли государства в праве социального обеспечения. Изучен исторический аспект данного вопроса и тенденции развития. Предложены изменения в действующее законодательство

Технология выращивания морской микроводоросли Tetraselmis viridis при естественном освещении и минимальных технических затратах

Главной причиной медленного внедрения научных разработок морской альготехнологии в промышленную практику является отсутствие систем, позволяющих получать биомассу микроводорослей в количествах, которые необходимы для исследования потенциальных продуктов и для отработки промышленной технологии их производства. Такие системы позволяют значительно снизить экономические затраты на создание и поддержание благоприятных абиотических условий для выращивания микроводорослей в промышленных масштабах, поскольку в качестве источника освещения используется энергия солнца. В статье предложен способ выращивания морской микроводоросли Tetraselmis viridis при естественном освещении и минимальных технических затратах. Авторами разработана мобильная установка для культивирования морских микроводорослей и для исследования их ростовых характеристик в условиях естественного освещения. Данную установку предлагается использовать при переходе от лабораторных масштабов культивирования микроводорослей к промышленным. Приведены основные требования, которым должна удовлетворять мобильная установка, и обоснование её конструкции для промышленного выращивания альгологически чистой культуры T. viridis. Разработана технология, позволяющая обеспечить организацию процесса культивирования T. viridis с максимальной производительностью культуры 5,7 г·м−2·сут−1 и плотностью 271,6 млрд кл.·м−2 (R² = 0,99). Дана сравнительная оценка биохимического состава и кинетических характеристик роста T. viridis при выращивании в мобильной установке в условиях естественного освещения и в лабораторных культиваторах при постоянном искусственном освещении

Non-Thermal Absorption and Quantum Efficiency of SINIS Bolometer

We study mechanisms of absorption in two essentially different types of superconductor-insulator-normal metal-insulator-superconductor (SINIS) bolometers with absorber directly placed on Si wafer and with absorber suspended above the substrate. The figure of merit for quantum photon absorption is quantum efficiency equal to the number of detected electrons for one photon. The efficiency of absorption is dramatically dependent on phonon losses to substrate and electrodes, and electron energy losses to electrodes through tunnel junctions. The maximum quantum efficiency can approach n = hf/kT = 160 at f = 350 GHz T = 0.1 K, and current responsivity dI/dP = e/kT in quantum gain bolometer case, contrary to photon counter mode with quantum efficiency of n = 1 and responsivity dI/dP = e/hf. In experiments, we approach intrinsic quantum efficiency up to n = 80 electrons per photon in bolometer with suspended absorber, contrary to quantum efficiency of about one for absorber on the substrate. In the case of suspended Cu and Pd absorber, Kapitsa resistance protect from power leak to Al electrodes

Superconducting Receivers for Space, Balloon, and Ground-Based Sub-Terahertz Radio Telescopes

We give a review of both our own original scientific results of the development of superconducting receivers for sub-terahertz astronomy and the main leading concepts of the global instrumentation. The analysis of current astronomical problems, the results of microwave astroclimate research, and the development of equipment for sub-terahertz radio astronomy studies justify the need and feasibility of a major infrastructure project in Russia to create a sub-terahertz telescope, as well as to enhance the implementation of the ongoing Millimetron and Suffa projects. The following results are discussed: i) superconducting coherent receivers and broadband subterahertz detectors for space, balloon, and ground-based radio telescopes have been developed and tested; ii) ultrasensitive receiving systems based on tunnel structures such as superconductor-insulator-superconductor (SIS) and superconductor-insulator-normal metal-insulator-superconductor (SINIS) have been created, fabricated, and examined; iii) a receiving array based on SINIS detectors and microwave readout system for such structures has been implemented; iv) methods for manufacturing high-quality tunnel structures Nb/AlOx/Nb and Nb/AlN/NbN based on niobium films with a current density of up to 30 kA/cm(2) have been developed. Receivers operated at 200 to 950 GHz and having a noise temperature only a factor of 2 to 5 higher than the quantum limit have been created and tested

Morphological changes of adrenal cortex and medulla during the first 24 hours after acute hemorrhage

Experimentally established that during the first day after acute blood loss expressed morphological changes occur in the adrenal cortex and medulla, indicating a high functional stress of the organ

Arrays of sub‐terahertz cryogenic metamaterial

Integrated quasi‐optical cryogenic terahertz receivers contain arrays of detectors, quasi‐optical filters, interferometers, and other metamaterials. Matrices of quasi‐optical band‐pass, low‐pass, and high‐pass filters, Fabry–Perot grid interferometers, and arrays of half‐wave and electrically small antennas with superconductor‐insulator‐normal metal‐insulator‐superconductor (SINIS) sub‐terahertz wavelength range detectors were fabricated and experimentally studied on the same computational, technological, and experimental platform. For the design of the filters, we used the periodic frequency‐selective surfaces (FSS) approach, contrary to detector arrays that can be presented in a model of distributed absorbers. The structures were fabricated using direct electron bSeam lithography, thermal shadow evaporation, lift‐off, alternatively magnetron sputtering, and chemical and plasma etching. The numerical simulation methods of such structures are sufficiently different: for the reactive matrices with low losses, the approximation of an infinite structure with periodic boundary conditions is applicable, and for the arrays of detectors with dissipative elements of absorbers, a complete analysis of the finite structure with hundreds of interacting ports is applicable. The difference is determined by the presence of dissipation in the detector arrays, the phase of the reflected or re‐emitted signal turned out to be undefined and the Floquet periodic boundary conditions are correct only for a phased array antenna. The spectral characteristics of the created filters, interferometers, and antenna arrays were measured in the frequency range 50–600 GHz