Muon as a composite fermion from the three charged electron-like leptons in the bound state in the continuum

For many-particle systems the mass of the bound states in the continuum (BIC) is greater than the total mass of the initial particles. BICs which are stable and not-decaying, have been found and studied in detail in various fields of physics. But, as far as we know, in particle physics such states have not yet been analyzed. The idea of this work is to apply the BIC phenomenon to some elementary particles and, in particular, to the description of muons. This study focuses on a composite fermion formed by the three charged electron-like leptons in BIC, with the mass of 207 electron masses. The structure of the positive charged composite fermion is formed by the two positron and the electron, $(e^{+}e^{+}e^{-})_{BIC}$, and the negatively charged composite fermion is considered as $(e^{-}e^{-}e^{+})_{BIC}$. In this theory the free electron and free positron are treated as ordinary, different particles, each being characterized by the complete set of the Dirac plane waves. The integral equation for the wave function of the composite fermion is derived by using the Bethe and Salpeter equation with account for the lowest order of the pair interaction for the three particles. An approximate solution of this equation gave results for the massive fermion wave function that predicted the particle radius equal to 16 fm. The representation of the muon as the composite fermion formed by the three charged electron-like leptons in BIC, is analyzed. Only in the case of considering the electron and positron as ordinary, different particles, the possible decay channels of this heavy composite fermion do not contradict those for the muons.Comment: 16 pages, 5 figure

Reconstructing Images from Projections Using the Maximum-Entropy Method. Numerical Simulations of Low-Aspect Astrotomography

The reconstruction of images from a small number of projections using the maximum-entropy method (MEM) with the Shannon entropy is considered. MEM provides higher-quality image reconstruction for sources with extended components than the Hogbom CLEAN method, which is also used in low-aspect astrotomography. The quality of image reconstruction for sources with mixed structure containing bright, compact features embedded in a comparatively weak, extended base can be further improved using a difference-mapping method, which requires a generalization of MEM for the reconstruction of sign-variable functions.We draw conclusions based on the results of numerical simulations for a number of model radio sources with various morphologies.Comment: 11 pages, 9 figure

High-visibility multi-photon interference of Hanbury Brown - Twiss type for classical light

Difference-phase (or Hanbury Brown - Twiss type) intensity interference of classical light is considered in higher orders in the intensity. It is shown that, while the visibility of sum-phase (NOON-type) interference for classical sources drops with the order of interference, the visibility of difference-phase interference has opposite behavior. For three-photon and four-photon interference of two coherent sources, the visibility can be as high as 81.8% and 94.4%, respectively. High-visibility three-photon and four-photon interference of space-time and polarization types has been observed in experiment, for both coherent and pseudo-thermal light.Comment: 11 pages, 9 figure