Pemberdayaan Masyarakat sebagai Upaya Pengentasan Kemiskinan

Secara umum kemiskinan merupakan masalah yang sangat kompleks, karena tidak hanya berkaitan dengan masalah rendahnya pemenuhan kebutuhan hidup sehari-hari, rendahnya pendapatan masyarakat tetapi juga ketidakberdayaan dari aspek ekonomi, social, budaya dan politik.Berbagai upaya telah dilakukan oleh pemerintah, baik pemerintahan rezim Orde Baru maupun pemerintahan Era Reformasi untuk menanggulangi kemiskinan, dengan berbagai pendekatan, seperti pendekatan top down maupun pendekatan bottom up, serta merumuskanberbagai kebijakan program, baik program bantuan sosial maupun program berbasis pemberdayaan. Program pemberdayaan dilakukan untuk melibatkan masyarakat secara penuh, mulai dari identifikasi masalah, merumuskan, merencanakan sampai kepada tahap pelaksanaan dan evaluasi program.yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat

The Airy fibre: an optical fibre that guides light diffracted by a circular aperture

We have designed and made an optical fibre that guides an approximate Airy pattern as one of its guided modes. The fibre's attenuation was 11.0 dB/km at 1550 nm wavelength, the match between the fibre's mode and the ideal infinite Airy pattern was 93.7%, and the far field resembled a top-hat beam. The guidance mechanism has strong similarities to photonic bandgap guidance.Comment: 11 page

Texture, twinning and metastable "tetragonal" phase in ultrathin films of HfO₂ on a Si substrate

Thin HfO<sub>2</sub> films grown on the lightly oxidised surface of (100) Si wafers have been examined using dark-field transmission electron microscopy and selected area electron diffraction in plan view. The polycrystalline film has a grain size of the order of 100 nm and many of the grains show evidence of twinning on (110) and (001) planes. Diffraction studies showed that the film had a strong [110] out-of-plane texture, and that a tiny volume fraction of a metastable (possibly tetragonal) phase was retained. The reasons for the texture, twinning and the retention of the metastable phase are discussed