Life cycle of Bilharziella polonica (Trematoda, Schistosomatidae) parasite of semi-aquatic birds in Uzbekistan

Schistosomatidae are an actively studied ecological group of trematodes. Their ability to cause various parasitic diseases in animals and humans makes them an interesting object of study for a number of research centres worldwide. One of the commonest species in this group is Bilharziella polonica (Kowalewsky, 1895), whose mature stages have been recorded in aquatic and semi-aquatic birds in Uzbekistan. Our research team established that the following birds were infected with mature trematodes B. polonica: Anas platyrhynchos (23%), A. crecca (18%), Podiceps ruficollis (11%), Ardea cinerea (14%) and one individual of Oxyura leucocephala. The highest infection rate was shown by the mallard A. platyrhynchos (23%) and common teal A. crecca (18%). The infection intensity ranged between 2 and 27 individuals. Research into various types of water bodies in Karakalpakstan identified 10 mollusc species – Lymnaeidae (4 species), Planorbidae (4 species) and Physidae (2 species). Cercariae morphologically similar to larvae of B. polonica were found in two species, Planorbis planorbis and P. tangitarensis. 6 chicks of domestic ducks were experimentally infected with those cercariae to track the life cycle of B. polonica in the organism of a definitive host. Helmintholological dissections showed that every duck was infected with B. polonica, which became mature 23–27 days after the infection. Eggs of B. polonica were recorded in the excrement of one of the birds 33–35 days after the infection. Based on field and experimental research, we identify the mollusc P. tangitarensis as a new intermediate host for B. polonica in Uzbekistan

Population of higher-energy levels in LiY_(1-x)Er_xF_4 (x=O.003 ÷1) crystals under CW IR laser-diode pumping

Steady-state population of 7 lowest excited erbium. levels in LiY¬¬_(1-x)Er_xF_4 (YLF:Er^(3+) (x=0.003-1) crystals was studied under upconversion. CW InGaAs laser-diode pumping with varied power density. Theoretical and experimental concentration and power dependencies of population of higher-energy radiative levels were obtained. Relative changes in populations of studied levels in YLF:Er^(3+) crystals were experimentally controlled by visible spectra of steady-state luminescence in the wavelength ranges corresponding to transitions ^4S_(3/2) --> ^4I(15/2) (0.52--0.57) mum and ^4 F_(9/2) --> ^I_(15/2) (0.64--0.68) µm. IR-pumped luminescence kinetic curves of higher-energy transitions ^4S_(3/2) --> ^4I_(15/2) (0.55 µm) and ^2H_(9/2) --> ^4I_(15/2) (0.41 µm) were recorded. The energy-transfer mechanisms were determined, and the predominant mechanisms responsible for upconversion excitation were elucidated. Microparameters of energy transfer and concentration dependencies of the selfquenching rates and non-linear coupling were obtained on the basis of theoretical and experimental estimates of the rates of intra- and intercenter relaxation processes (migration, selfquenching, and upconversion) allowing for statistics of coupling between the impurity centers in the system. The steady-state dependencies of population on the erbium concentration and pumping power density were calculated within the framework of rate balance equations. Good agreement between the theory and experimental data was obtained

Concentration and power dependences of level population of 2.8-mu m laser transition in YLF : Er crystals under CW laser diode pumping

An influence of interionic cross relaxation processes (upconversion, selfquenching) on concentration and power dependences of the inverse population of ^4I_(11/2) and ^4I_(13/2) laser levels in YLF:Er crystals under CW laser-diode pumping were studied both theoretically and experimentally. Computer simulations were carried out taking into account not only pair interaction but also the multi-ion interaction in the whole system. Optimal Er concentration for 3 - µm CW lasing was estimated as 10 - 15%

ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ ЦЕТИЛПИРИДИНИЯ ХЛОРИДА В ФАРМАЦЕВТИЧЕСКИХ ПРЕПАРАТАХ МЕТОДОМ ТВЕРДОФАЗНОЙ СПЕКТРОФОТОМЕТРИИ

Quaternary ammonium compounds, and among them cetylpyridinium salts (CP) in particular, are widely used as antiseptics and disinfectants, for local treatment of infectious and inflammatory processes of the mucous membrane of the throat and oral cavity, as constituents of lozenges, gels and oral hygiene products. This paper proposes conditions for determination of cetylpyridinium chloride, which has an antimicrobial effect, in some surfactant-containing pharmaceutical preparations approved for the medical use, using solid-state spectrophotometry and a test method. Linen fabric (LN) was used as a solid matrix. The paper shows the efficiency of sorption extraction of cetylpyridinium chloride in the form of the ion associate with the organic azo dye sulfonazo (SFN). Analysis of the absorption spectra of solid-state systems [LN-SFN] and LN-[SFN-CP] showed that the reagent was practically not extracted at pH ≥ 4, but in the presence of CP the sorption was observed over the entire pH range studied with the maximum at pHmax = 5. For the proposed test method, the range of determined concentrations of CP was 1.0–16 mg/dm3 and the limit of detection was 0.4 mg/dm3; for the solid-state spectrophotometric determination, the range of determined CP concentrations was 0.5–24 mg/dm3 and the detection limit was 0.2 mg/dm3. The possibility of determining the CP in real objects was demonstrated.Key words: cetylpyridinium chloride, determination, solid state spectroscopy, test method, pharmaceutical preparations, ion associates, linen fabric.Четвертичные аммониевые соединения, и среди них, в частности, соли цетилпиридиния (ЦП) находят широкое применение в качестве антисептиков и дезинфицирующих средств, для местного лечения инфекционно-воспалительных процессов слизистой горла и полости рта, в составе таблеток для рассасывания, пастилок, гелей, средств гигиены полости рта. В работе предложены условия определения цетилпиридиния хлорида, обладающего противомикробным действием, в некоторых разрешенных к медицинскому применению ПАВ-содержащих фармацевтических препаратах методом твердофазной спектрофотометрии и тест-методом. В качестве твердофазной матрицы использована льняная ткань (ЛН). В работе показана эффективность сорбционного извлечения хлорида ЦП в виде его ионного ассоциата с бисазокрасителем сульфоназо (СФН). Анализ спектров поглощения твердофазных систем [ЛН∙СФН] и [ЛН∙СФН]-ЦП показывает, что реагент при рН≥4 практически не извлекается, а в присутствии ЦП сорбция наблюдается во всем исследуемом диапазоне рН с максимумом рНmax = 5. Для предложенного тест-метода диапазон определяемых концентраций ЦП составил 1.0-16 мг/дм3, предел обнаружения – 0.4 мг/дм3; для твердофазно-спектрофотометрического определения диапазон определяемых концентраций ЦП составил 0.5-24 мг/дм3, предел обнаружения – 0.2 мг/дм3. Продемонстрирована возможность определения ЦП в фармацевтических препаратах.   Ключевые слова: хлорид цетилпиридиния, определение, твердофазная спектрофотометрия, тест-метод, фармацевтические препараты, ионные ассоциаты, льняная ткань

The Synthesis of Nanocomposites with Use of Cellulose

This work studied the synthesis of nanocomposites with cellulose use as crystallizing polymer on the basis of its ability to form crystalline particles with various parameters of an elementary cell – nanoparticles of a metal or oxide origin. The authors obtained high dispersed systems by dispersion of volume phases from solutions using condensation method. At using of this method, depending on the conditions of the formation process of the new phase can be obtained as systems with a size of several nanometers as well as more coarsely dispersed systems. The dispersiveness of a system, arising during formation of new phases, is determined by ratio speed of formation and nucleus growth of new phase a phase transition. The condensation process involves the formation of new phase according the heterogeneous or homogeneous mechanisms. The kinetics formation of new phase is determined by two stages: the formation of  condensation centers (nucleus) and nucleus growth. In formation process of nanocomposite materials the natural polymer with known molecular structure is used as matrix, in which we can put desired nanoparticles in the form of filler. In this work the authors used cellulose which has developed capillary-porous structure, including in-fibrillar porous with the size of 1.5-10 nm, and which is able to form crystallites with different parameters of lattice cell

Methods for calculating the pressure loss of the air flow and energy consumed by the fan of the cotton harvester

The article presents the methods for calculating the pressure loss of the pneumatic transport system of a cotton harvester related to the power consumption of the fan drive. Mathematical models for computer calculation are presented. Numerical studies of the influence of the pipeline diameter and the air mixture composition on the power consumption of the fan drive are presented. It was determined that with an increase in the diameter of the pipeline from 0.15 m to 0.175 m and a change in the mixture concentration μ = 0.228 ÷ 0.338 for a serial receiving chamber, the fan drive power decreases from 10.3 kW to 5.79 kW

Microgrid Power Sharing Framework for Software Defined Networking and Cybersecurity Analysis

Hierarchical control is a widely used strategy that can increase resilience and improve the reliability of the electrical network based on microgrid global variables. Large amounts of data required during transitions prompt the use of more reliable and flexible communications to achieve the control objectives. Such communications can involve potential cyber vulnerabilities and latency restrictions, which cannot be always addressed in real-time. To accurately capture the system’s overall operation, this paper proposes a co-simulation framework driven by flexible communications and a resilient control algorithm to regulate the frequency and voltage deviations in a networked microgrids. Model-based predictive control has been implemented, to avoid slow transient response associated with linear hierarchical control. Software-Defined Networking (SDN) is responsible for increasing the communication intelligence during the power-sharing process. The effects of critical communications and overall system performance are reviewed and compared for different co-simulation scenarios. Graphical Network Simulator (GNS3) is used in combination with model-based predictive control and SDN, to provide latency below 100 ms, as defined in IEC 61850. Testing of the proposed system under different cyber attack scenarios demonstrate its excellent performance. The novel control architecture presented in the paper provides a reference framework for future cloud computing-based microgrids

Determination of cetylpyridinium chloride in pharmaceutical preparations by solid-state spectrophotometry method

Четвертичные аммониевые соединения, и среди них, в частности, соли цетилпиридиния (ЦП) находят широкое применение в качестве антисептиков и дезинфицирующих средств, для местного лечения инфекционно-воспалительных процессов слизистой горла и полости рта, в составе таблеток для рассасывания, пастилок, гелей, средств гигиены полости рта. В работе предложены условия определения цетилпиридиния хлорида, обладающего противомикробным действием, в некоторых разрешенных к медицинскому применению ПАВ-содержащих фармацевтических препаратах методом твердофазной спектрофотометрии и тест-методом. В качестве твердофазной матрицы использована льняная ткань (ЛН). В работе показана эффективность сорбционного извлечения хлорида ЦП в виде его ионного ассоциата с бисазокрасителем сульфоназо (СФН). Анализ спектров поглощения твердофазных систем [ЛН∙СФН] и [ЛН∙СФН]-ЦП показывает, что реагент при рН≥4 практически не извлекается, а в присутствии ЦП сорбция наблюдается во всем исследуемом диапазоне рН с максимумом рНmax = 5. Для предложенного тест-метода диапазон определяемых концентраций ЦП составил 1.0-16 мг/дм3, предел обнаружения – 0.4 мг/дм3; для твердофазно-спектрофотометрического определения диапазон определяемых концентраций ЦП составил 0.5-24 мг/дм3, предел обнаружения – 0.2 мг/дм3. Продемонстрирована возможность определения ЦП в фармацевтических препаратах.Quaternary ammonium compounds, and among them cetylpyridinium salts (CP) in particular, are widely used as antiseptics and disinfectants, for local treatment of infectious and inflammatory processes of the mucous membrane of the throat and oral cavity, as constituents of lozenges, gels and oral hygiene products. This paper proposes conditions for determination of cetylpyridinium chloride, which has an antimicrobial effect, in some surfactant-containing pharmaceutical preparations approved for the medical use, using solid-state spectrophotometry and a test method. Linen fabric (LN) was used as a solid matrix. The paper shows the efficiency of sorption extraction of cetylpyridinium chloride in the form of the ion associate with the organic azo dye sulfonazo (SFN). Analysis of the absorption spectra of solid-state systems [LN-SFN] and LN-[SFN-CP] showed that the reagent was practically not extracted at pH ≥ 4, but in the presence of CP the sorption was observed over the entire pH range studied with the maximum at pHmax = 5. For the proposed test method, the range of determined concentrations of CP was 1.0–16 mg/dm3 and the limit of detection was 0.4 mg/dm3; for the solid-state spectrophotometric determination, the range of determined CP concentrations was 0.5–24 mg/dm3 and the detection limit was 0.2 mg/dm3. The possibility of determining the CP in real objects was demonstrated

Фауна и экология Spirurida у крупного рогатого скота Узбекистана

Objective of research: The objective of this study was to investigate the fauna, features of distribution and ecology of nematodes of the order Spirurida - parasites of cattle from Uzbekistan. Material and methods. Cattle and isolated animal organs were investigated by the method of complete and incomplete autopsies. Blood samples and animal skin biopsies were studied. Flies (Diptera) and beetles, intermediate hosts of nematodes, were collected and studied in places of cattle concentration, in spring, summer and autumn. Results and discussion: In animals of Uzbekistan 11 species of Spirurida nematodes belonging to two suborders were identified. Spirurata are represented by 7 species, Filariata by 4. The landscape distribution of the mentioned species of Spirurida and their biocenotic connections to corresponding hosts under conditions of Uzbekistan were determined.Цель исследования - изучение фауны, особенностей распространения и экологии нематод отряда Spirurida -паразитов крупного рогатого скота Узбекистана. Материалы и методы. Методом полных и неполных вскрытий исследованы крупный рогатый скот и отдельные органы животных. Исследованы пробы крови и проведена биопсия кожи животных. В местах концентрации крупного рогатого скота собраны и исследованы весной, летом и осенью двукрылые и жуки - промежуточные хозяева изучаемых нематод. Результаты и обсуждение. У исследованных животных Узбекистана выявлено 11 видов нематод отряда Spirurida, принадлежащих к двум подотрядам. Spirurata представлены 7 видами, Filariata - 4. Определено ландшафтное распределение отмеченных видов спирурид и их биоценотические связи с соответствующими хозяевами в условиях Узбекистана

Эколого-фаунистический анализ нематод отряда Spirurida – паразитов животных Узбекистана

The purpose of the research is to study species diversity and some features of life history of Spirurida order nematodes - zooparasites of Uzbekistan.Materials and methods. Specimens of adult Spirurida order nematodes of domestic and wild animals’ population from all regions of Uzbekistan and Karakalpak Republic were collected and studied. Insects, the intermediate hosts of some species of concerned nematodes, were studied according to established methods. Some bioecological features of species Spirurata, Camallanata, Gnathostomata, Filariata suborders are analyzed.Results and discussion. Modern species diversity of Spirurida order nematodes of Uzbekistan fish, birds and mammals was studied. The order is presented by four species Spirurata, Camallanata, Gnathostomata, Filariata in studied animals. The total amount of studied order species was 145, where 16 species were recorded in fish, 81 species in birds, and 48 species in mammals. Species of Spirurata and Filariata which are widely distributed in desired hosts in Uzbekistan biogeocoenosis are the center of Spirurida fauna. Life cycles of indicated nematodes are carried out involving intermediate and reservoir (= paratenic) hosts. Specimens of Copepoda, Ephemeroptera, Orthoptera, Coleoptera and Diptera belong to the first, carp-like fish belong to the second. Evolution of infection transfer by intermediate host to definitive promotes formation and functioning of different types of parasitic systems. Цель исследований: изучение видового разнообразия и некоторых особенностей биоэкологии нематод отряда Spirurida – паразитов животных Узбекистана.Материалы и методы. Собраны и исследованы образцы половозрелых нематод ортяда Spirurida от домашних и диких популяций животных из всех областей Узбекистана и Республики Каракалпакстан. Исследованы насекомые – промежуточные хозяева некоторых видов рассматриваемых нематод по общепринятым методам. Анализируются некоторые биоэкологические особенности представителей подотрядов Spirurata, Camallanata, Gnathostomata, Filariata.Результаты и обсуждение. Изучено современное видовое разнообразие нематод отряда Spirurida у рыб, птиц и млекопитающих Узбекистана. У исследованных животных отряд представлен четырьмя – Spirurata, Camallanata, Gnathostomata, Filariata. Общее число видов исследуемого отряда составило 145, из них у рыб зарегистрировано 16 видов, у птиц – 81, у млекопитающих – 48 видов. Ядро фауны Spirurida составляют представители Spirurata и Filariata, которые широко распрост ранены у соответствующих хозяев в биогеоценозах Узбекистана. Жизненные циклы отмеченных нематод протекают с участием промежуточного и резервуарного (= паратенического) хозяев. К первым относятся представители отрядов Copepoda, Ephemeroptera, Orthoptera, Coleoptera и Diptera, ко вторым – карпообразные рыбы. Эволюция передачи инвазии промежуточным хозяином дефинитивному способствовала формированию и функционированию разных типов паразитарной системы.