Information security for college students

The content of the article deals with the essence of the concepts of "security", "information security", "security threat", "economic security". The author analyzes in more detail the concept of "information security"В содержании статьи рассматривается сущность понятий «безопасность», «информационная безопасность», «угроза безопасности», «экономическая безопасность». Автор более подробно анализирует понятие «информационная безопасность

Mixed hybrid finite element scheme for stefan problem with prescribed convection

We construct a mixed hybrid finite element scheme of lowest order for the Stefan problem with prescribed convection and suggest and investigate an iterative method for its solution. In the iterative method we use a preconditioner constructed by using "standard" finite element approximation of Laplace operator on a finer grid. The proposed approach develops the results of [1], where a spectrally equivalent preconditioner for the condensed matrix in mixed hybrid finite element approximation for linear elliptic equation was constructed

Influence of World Economic and Credit Ratings on the Investment Climate of the Republic of Belarus

In this article abstract is considered as the situation of the Republic of Belarus in the world economic and credit ratings. Also there are made the conclusions about the dynamic of analyzed indicators and tendencies of the differences of analyzed facts

NORMATIVE-COMPETENCE MODEL OF THE TEACHER OF THE ADDITIONAL PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION SYSTEM

Introduction. The growth of requirements for the quality and effectiveness of educational activities, identified in a number of government documents, determines the need to normalize the professional activities of teaching staff. The aim of this article is to present the normative-competence model of the teacher of additional professional education developed by the Department of Pedagogy and Andragogy of the Nizhny Novgorod Institute of Education Development, and to substantiate the potential of this model as an effective mechanism of intracorporate support of continuous professional development of the institutes of advanced training of specialists teaching staff. Methodology and research methods. The general theoretical basis for the design of the normative-competence model of the teacher consists of the system-activity, competency-based, andragogical, comparative general scientific approaches. The methods of the qualification and dispersive analysis, expert estimations, participant observation, stratified sampling were used to determine the efficiency of the model and diagnostics of professional competences of teachers of additional professional education. Processing of the data obtained was performed by the methods of mathematical statistics – the analysis of reliability of mathematical expectation differences and hypotheses checking on the basis of fitting criterion. Results and scientific novelty. The presented model contains a set of key qualities that provide the pedagogical worker with the ability to be successful in achieving the strategic educational goals. The structure of the model includes the clusters of universal, general professional and professional competencies; maps and indicators of competencies divided into three levels – monodisciplinary, multidisciplinary, metadisciplinary. The advantage of the model is that it can serve as a framework for objective assessment of professionalism of teachers of additional professional education as well as a standard framework to upgrade teachers’ qualification and self-development. The hypothesis on the conditions of the model realization was tested in the course of the project experiment conducted by the authors. The conditions of three types presented: content-activity, organizational-managerial, and the ability to transform the conditions of the first and second types for professional development of the teachers. The inputs and outputs research results on teachers’ competencies by the end of the three-year intra-corporate training curriculum “Andragogical School of Eventual Education” have shown the efficiency of application of the developed model in the format of self-training organization. Practical significance. The normative-competence model is universal and fully consistent with the requirements of the teachers’ career development system. The model presented provides the groundwork for scientific and educational activity of the teacher of additional professional education and can be used by everyone who is engaged in educational activity in the conditions of continuous pedagogical education.Введение. Декларируемые в целом ряде правительственных документов требования к качеству и эффективности функционирования образовательной сферы актуализируют необходимость нормирования профессиональной деятельности педагогических работников. Цель публикации – представить созданную на кафедре педагогики и андрагогики Нижегородского института развития образования нормативнокомпетентностную модель преподавателя дополнительного профессионального образования (ДПО) и обосновать ее потенциал как действенного механизма внутрикорпоративной поддержки непрерывного совершенствования профессионализма специалистов системы повышения квалификации. Методология и методы. Общетеоретической базой проектирования предлагаемой вниманию модели были положения системно-деятельностного, компетентностного, андрагогического и сравнительно-сопоставительного подходов. Для определения эффективности модели и диагностики профессиональных компетенций преподавателей ДПО использовались методы квалификационного и дисперсионного анализа, экспертных оценок, включенного наблюдения, стратифицированного отбора. Обработка полученных результатов производилась методами математической статистики – посредством анализа достоверности различий математических ожиданий и проверки гипотез на основе критерия согласия.Результаты и научная новизна. Описанная в статье модель содержит набор ключевых качеств, обеспечивающих преподавателю успешное достижение стратегических образовательных целей. Структура модели включает кластеры универсальных, общепрофессиональных и профессиональных компетенций; их карты и индикаторы, распределенные по трем уровням – монопредметному, полипредметному и метапредметному. Достоинство модели состоит в том, что она может служить как матрицей для объективной оценки профессионализма преподавателей ДПО, так и нормативной рамкой повышения их квалификации и стимулирования саморазвития. Авторами статьи был проведен проектный эксперимент, в ходе которого проверялась гипотеза о выделенных условиях реализации модели: содержательно-деятельностных, организационно-управленческих и возможности их интеграции для профессионального развития преподавателя ДПО. Обследование компетентности педагогов на «входе» и «выходе» трехлетнего внутрикорпоративного обучения по программам куррикулума «Андрагогическая школа событийного образования» показало эффективность применения разработанной модели в формате самообучающейся организации. Практическая значимость. Нормативно-компетентностная модель универсальна и полностью соответствует требованиям развития системы повышения квалификации педагогических работников. Модель закладывает методологическую основу продуктивной научно-образовательной деятельности преподавателя ДПО и может быть распространена на всех, кто занимается непрерывным педагогическим образованием

Effects of Turbulent Mixing on the Critical Behavior

Effects of strongly anisotropic turbulent mixing on the critical behavior are studied by means of the renormalization group. Two models are considered: the equilibrium model A, which describes purely relaxational dynamics of a nonconserved scalar order parameter, and the Gribov model, which describes the nonequilibrium phase transition between the absorbing and fluctuating states in a reaction-diffusion system. The velocity is modelled by the d-dimensional generalization of the random shear flow introduced by Avellaneda and Majda within the context of passive scalar advection. Existence of new nonequilibrium types of critical regimes (universality classes) is established.Comment: Talk given in the International Bogolyubov Conference "Problems of Theoretical and Mathematical Physics" (Moscow-Dubna, 21-27 August 2009

A compendium of human genes regulating feeding behavior and body weight, its functional characterization and identification of GWAS genes involved in brain-specific PPI network

BACKGROUND: Obesity is heritable. It predisposes to many diseases. The objectives of this study were to create a compendium of genes relevant to feeding behavior (FB) and/or body weight (BW) regulation; to construct and to analyze networks formed by associations between genes/proteins; and to identify the most significant genes, biological processes/pathways, and tissues/organs involved in BW regulation. RESULTS: The compendium of genes controlling FB or BW includes 578 human genes. Candidate genes were identified from various sources, including previously published original research and review articles, GWAS meta-analyses, and OMIM (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man). All genes were ranked according to knowledge about their biological role in body weight regulation and classified according to expression patterns or functional characteristics. Substantial and overrepresented numbers of genes from the compendium encoded cell surface receptors, signaling molecules (hormones, neuropeptides, cytokines), transcription factors, signal transduction proteins, cilium and BBSome components, and lipid binding proteins or were present in the brain-specific list of tissue-enriched genes identified with TSEA tool. We identified 27 pathways from KEGG, REACTOME and BIOCARTA whose genes were overrepresented in the compendium. Networks formed by physical interactions or homological relationships between proteins or interactions between proteins involved in biochemical/signaling pathways were reconstructed and analyzed. Subnetworks and clusters identified by the MCODE tool included genes/proteins associated with cilium morphogenesis, signal transduction proteins (particularly, G protein-coupled receptors, kinases or proteins involved in response to insulin stimulus) and transcription regulation (particularly nuclear receptors). We ranked GWAS genes according to the number of neighbors in three networks and revealed 22 GWAS genes involved in the brain-specific PPI network. On the base of the most reliable PPIs functioning in the brain tissue, new regulatory schemes interpreting relevance to BW regulation are proposed for three GWAS genes (ETV5, LRP1B, and NDUFS3). CONCLUSIONS: A compendium comprising 578 human genes controlling FB or BW was designed, and the most significant functional groups of genes, biological processes/pathways, and tissues/organs involved in BW regulation were revealed. We ranked genes from the GWAS meta-analysis set according to the number and quality of associations in the networks and then according to their involvement in the brain-specific PPI network and proposed new regulatory schemes involving three GWAS genes (ETV5, LRP1B, and NDUFS3) in BW regulation. The compendium is expected to be useful for pathology risk estimation and for design of new pharmacological approaches in the treatment of human obesity

Disease-associated genetic variants in the regulatory regions of human genes: mechanisms of action on transcription and genomic resources for dissecting these mechanisms

Whole genome and whole exome sequencing technologies play a very important role in the studies of the genetic aspects of the pathogenesis of various diseases. The ample use of genome-wide and exome-wide association study methodology (GWAS and EWAS) made it possible to identify a large number of genetic variants associated with diseases. This information is accumulated in the databases like GWAS central, GWAS catalog, OMIM, ClinVar, etc. Most of the variants identified by the GWAS technique are located in the noncoding regions of the human genome. According to the ENCODE project, the fraction of regions in the human genome potentially involved in transcriptional control is many times greater than the fraction of coding regions. Thus, genetic variation in noncoding regions of the genome can increase the susceptibility to diseases by disrupting various regulatory elements (promoters, enhancers, silencers, insulator regions, etc.). However, identification of the mechanisms of influence of pathogenic genetic variants on the diseases risk is difficult due to a wide variety of regulatory elements. The present review focuses on the molecular genetic mechanisms by which pathogenic genetic variants affect gene expression. At the same time, attention is concentrated on the transcriptional level of regulation as an initial step in the expression of any gene. A triggering event mediating the effect of a pathogenic genetic variant on the level of gene expression can be, for example, a change in the functional activity of transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) or DNA methylation change, which, in turn, affects the functional activity of promoters or enhancers. Dissecting the regulatory roles of polymorphic loci have been impossible without close integration of modern experimental approaches with computer analysis of a growing wealth of genetic and biological data obtained using omics technologies. The review provides a brief description of a number of the most well-known public genomic information resources containing data obtained using omics technologies, including (1) resources that accumulate data on the chromatin states and the regions of transcription factor binding derived from ChIP-seq experiments; (2) resources containing data on genomic loci, for which allele-specific transcription factor binding was revealed based on ChIP-seq technology; (3) resources containing in silico predicted data on the potential impact of genetic variants on the transcription factor binding sites

Online resources on gene networks containing human and animal data

Gene networks are molecular genetic systems that ensure the formation of phenotypic characteristics of organisms (molecular, biochemical, structural, morphological, behavioral, etc.) based on  information encoded in their genomes. Reconstruction of gene networks provides a methodological basis for modern systems biology. In this regard, the information on the structural and functional organization of gene networks accumulated in modern databases is extremely valuable. This review characterizes a number of Internetaccessible information resources oriented to humans and animals and containing data on gene networks and their functional modules. Without pretending to fully cover all information resources containing data related to humans and animals on the subject, the current review was created to report the current status of the problem and to present the criteria according to which we propose to evaluate the utility of webresources for specific research tasks. On this basis, we compiled and characterized a collection of databases containing information on metabolic and signaling pathways, as well as pathways of regulation of biological processes at the cellular and organismal levels. In addition, we observed the characteristics of several well­known databases containing data on interactions between biomolecules of various types. The following characteristics of databases were considered: (1) the types of information accumulated in the databases; (2) methods of data presentation; (3) methods of data collection; (4) data sources; (5) special search tools and options for data analysis. A comparison of the above characteristics showed that the databases are very heterogeneous according to their scopes, sources and types of data, interfaces, as well as according to their search options and data analysis tools. It was concluded that at the first step of the gene network reconstruction it is important to form a full set of information resources from which the data can be obtained. The web portals accumulating information about the databases that may be useful for the reconstruction and analysis of gene networks are specified

Ongoing recombination in SARS-CoV-2 revealed through genealogical reconstruction

The evolutionary process of genetic recombination has the potential to rapidly change the properties of a viral pathogen, and its presence is a crucial factor to consider in the development of treatments and vaccines. It can also significantly affect the results of phylogenetic analyses and the inference of evolutionary rates. The detection of recombination from samples of sequencing data is a very challenging problem and is further complicated for SARS-CoV-2 by its relatively slow accumulation of genetic diversity. The extent to which recombination is ongoing for SARS-CoV-2 is not yet resolved. To address this, we use a parsimony-based method to reconstruct possible genealogical histories for samples of SARS-CoV-2 sequences, which enables us to pinpoint specific recombination events that could have generated the data. We propose a statistical framework for disentangling the effects of recurrent mutation from recombination in the history of a sample, and hence provide a way of estimating the probability that ongoing recombination is present. We apply this to samples of sequencing data collected in England and South Africa and find evidence of ongoing recombination