Remarks on separating words

The separating words problem asks for the size of the smallest DFA needed to distinguish between two words of length <= n (by accepting one and rejecting the other). In this paper we survey what is known and unknown about the problem, consider some variations, and prove several new results

Structure and mineral composition of urological stones of Kazan residents (Russia)

© 2019, International Multidisciplinary Scientific Geoconference. All rights received. Urolithiasis is one of the most frequent urologic diseases and occurs in at least 1–3% of the population, and most often in people of working age (20–50 years old). This disease is characterized by the formation and progressive growth of pathogenic mineral formations-urological (urinary) stones in the abdominal system of the kidneys, their possible migration through the urinary tract, which leads to hemo-and urodynamic disorders, the emergence and progression of inflammatory, sclerotic complications. The recognized classification of urological (urinary) stones is their division by the anion radical of the corresponding acids into oxalates and phosphates. Uric acid stones composed of crystalline uric acid are also distinguished as an independent class. The material for research was collected at the clinic of Kazan Federal University. The goal of these studies is an attempt to link the structural and textural features of urinary stones and their mineral composition. To achieve this, two methods were used: the method of X-ray computed tomography (CT) and X-ray analysis. The method CT allows visualizing their structure without disturbing the integrity of the stones. The X-ray method is used to determine the crystalline component of the stones. Using the method of computer x-ray tomography allowed classifying the studied stones according to their structure. The choice of this method is dictated by its ability to visualize the structure of stones without disturbing their integrity. The use of the method of X-ray analysis is due to the fact that it is a traditional method for studying the composition of the crystalline phases of stones. X-ray computed tomography results are based on differences in the x-ray density of the components of the samples. They showed that the stones studied by structure can be classified as follows: breccia-like heterogeneous; concentrically zonal heterogeneous; homogeneous; homogeneous with inclusions. The x-ray data showed: breccia-like heterogeneous-the main phase weddellite CaC2O4(H2O)2,375, minor whewellite CaC2O4*H2O; concentrically zonal heterogeneous-main whewellite phase, secondary weddellite, carbonate-hydroxyapatite impurity; homogeneous-uncite C5H4N4O3 main phase, impurity N-Acetyl-d-glucosamite C8H15NO6 (?); homogeneous with inclusions-main whewellite phase, secondary weddellite

Structure and mineral composition of urological stones of Kazan residents (Russia)

© 2019, International Multidisciplinary Scientific Geoconference. All rights received. Urolithiasis is one of the most frequent urologic diseases and occurs in at least 1–3% of the population, and most often in people of working age (20–50 years old). This disease is characterized by the formation and progressive growth of pathogenic mineral formations-urological (urinary) stones in the abdominal system of the kidneys, their possible migration through the urinary tract, which leads to hemo-and urodynamic disorders, the emergence and progression of inflammatory, sclerotic complications. The recognized classification of urological (urinary) stones is their division by the anion radical of the corresponding acids into oxalates and phosphates. Uric acid stones composed of crystalline uric acid are also distinguished as an independent class. The material for research was collected at the clinic of Kazan Federal University. The goal of these studies is an attempt to link the structural and textural features of urinary stones and their mineral composition. To achieve this, two methods were used: the method of X-ray computed tomography (CT) and X-ray analysis. The method CT allows visualizing their structure without disturbing the integrity of the stones. The X-ray method is used to determine the crystalline component of the stones. Using the method of computer x-ray tomography allowed classifying the studied stones according to their structure. The choice of this method is dictated by its ability to visualize the structure of stones without disturbing their integrity. The use of the method of X-ray analysis is due to the fact that it is a traditional method for studying the composition of the crystalline phases of stones. X-ray computed tomography results are based on differences in the x-ray density of the components of the samples. They showed that the stones studied by structure can be classified as follows: breccia-like heterogeneous; concentrically zonal heterogeneous; homogeneous; homogeneous with inclusions. The x-ray data showed: breccia-like heterogeneous-the main phase weddellite CaC2O4(H2O)2,375, minor whewellite CaC2O4*H2O; concentrically zonal heterogeneous-main whewellite phase, secondary weddellite, carbonate-hydroxyapatite impurity; homogeneous-uncite C5H4N4O3 main phase, impurity N-Acetyl-d-glucosamite C8H15NO6 (?); homogeneous with inclusions-main whewellite phase, secondary weddellite