Macrophage-specific RAM11 monoclonal antibody cross-reacts with basal cells of stratified squamous epithelia.

RAM11 is a mouse monoclonal anti-rabbit macrophage antibody recognizing connective tissue and vascular (atheromatous tissue) macrophages. This study demonstrates a cross-reaction of RAM11 with an unknown antigen in rabbit normal epithelial cells. Formalin-fixed, paraffin sections of the New Zealand White rabbit normal skin, oral mucosa, esophagus, small intestine and lung were immunostained with RAM11 antibody followed by goat anti-mouse Cy-3-conjugated antiglobulin. RAM11-positive immunofluorescence was observed in basal layer cells of stratified squamous epithelia (skin, oral mucosa, esophagus). No RAM11 immunostaining was found in any cells of simple (intestinal, bronchial) epithelia. These findings show that basal cells of stratified squamous keratinized and non-keratinized epithelia of the rabbit express an antigenic epitope which is common with that of macrophage antigen recognized by RAM11 monoclonal antibody

Expression of basal cell marker revealed by RAM11 antibody during epithelial regeneration in rabbits.

RAM11 is a mouse monoclonal anti-rabbit macrophage antibody recognizing connective tissue and vascular macrophages. Our previous report showed that RAM11 reacted with basal cells of stratified squamous epithelia of rabbit skin, oral mucosa and esophagus. The aim of the present study was to follow the appearance of RAM11 immunoreactivity in basal cells of regenerating oral epithelium in rabbits. No RAM11 immunostaining was observed in the regenerating epithelium examined on days 1 and 3 of wound healing. A weak immunofluorescence first appeared on day 7 in single basal cells and 32% of RAM11- positive basal cells were observed on day 14. These findings indicate that expression of the antigen recognized by RAM11 antibody is a transient event in the differentiation of oral keratinocytes which not always occurs during epithelial repair, although it is a constant feature of epithelial turnover in mature epithelium. Therefore this antigen can be regarded as basal cell marker only in mature stratified squamous epithelia

The comparison of selected mineral content in edible potato tubers

Celem przeprowadzonych badań była ocena zawartości wybranych składników mineralnych (azotu, potasu, fosforu, wapnia, magnezu, sodu) w bulwach ziemniaka jadalnego. Materiał badawczy stanowiły próby bulw ziemniaka zakupione w sieci handlowej na terenie środkowo-wschodniej Polski. Zakupu dokonano w trzech rodzajach sklepów, tj. supermarket, sklep spożywczy i sklep owocowo-warzywny. Każdy rodzaj sklepu był reprezentowany przez 10 punktów sprzedaży. W każdym punkcie sprzedaży zakupiono po trzy opakowania bulw ziemniaka, każde o masie 2,0-2,5 kg. Ziemniaki zakupione we wszystkich rodzajach sklepów różniły się istotnie pod względem zawartości azotu, potasu i fosforu, a zawartości wapnia, magnezu i sodu były do siebie zbliżone.Potato is the fourth most important food crop in the world after rice, wheat and maize. In many European countries, potatoes represent main staple food and therefore consumption of tubers can substantially affect human dietary intake of many elements. Appropriate nutrition, that is supplying sufficient levels of energy, nutrients and minerals, is a precondition determining the right functioning of the organism. In recent years there has been an increasing interest in potato-based diets due to the crop's nutritional and dietetic aspects as well as medicinal use. The aim of the study was to assessment content of selected mineral (nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, sodium) in edible potato tubers. Samples of potato tubers were purchased in three kinds of outlets, all of them operating either in east-central Poland (Siedlce and Międzyrzec Podlaski): supermarkets (cultivars: Melody, Augusta, Milva, Satina, Asterix, Sante), grocery shops (cultivars: Irga, Lord, Tajfun) and fruit and vegetable shops (cultivars: Irga, Lord, Vineta). Three packets of potato tubers, each weighing 2.0-2.5 kg, were purchased in 10 shops representing each kind of outlet. Chemical analyses were conducted of dry material in three replicates. Total nitrogen was determined using the Kjeldahl method on a 2300 Kjeltec Analizer Unit, and phosphorus content was analysed by means of the photometric method, and potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium contents were determined by the atomic absorption methodology (AAS) after tubers had been cut, dried and mineralised in a laboratory oven. The results were statistically analysed by one-way variance analysis at the significance level of 0.05. Potatoes purchased in all three types of outlets were significant differences in the content of nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus and contents calcium, magnesium, sodium were nearly the same. The highest nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, calcium were accumulated by cul-tivars of potatoes sold in supermarkets, magnesium by tubers purchased in grocery shops and sodium by cultivars of potatoes from the fruit and vegetable shops. Macroelements content in the dry matter of potato tubers from supermarkets, compared to other shops, was probably conditioned cultivar and technology of cultivation. The chemical composition of edible potatoes tubers was good regardless of the kind of outlet they were collected from

Cultivation costs of raspberries variety Polesie

Materiał badawczy stanowiły dane dotyczące uprawy maliny jesiennej odmiany Polesie. Badania polowe przeprowadzono w latach 2011-2013 na plantacji produkcyjnej o powierzchni 1,2 ha, założonej na glebie lekkiej zaliczanej do klasy bonitacyjnej IVb. Celem badań było określenie efektywności ekonomicznej uprawy maliny powtarzającej owocowanie na podstawie standardowej nadwyżki bezpośredniej (SGM – Standard Gross Margin). W wyniku przeprowadzonych badań stwierdzono, że produkcja malin w latach 2011-2013 była opłacalna. Wśród kosztów bezpośrednich największe były koszty specjalistyczne, które obejmowały koszty najmu siły roboczej do ręcznego zbioru owoców, a najtańszy był zakup sadzonek malin.The research material consisted of data regarding an autumn variety of raspberries Polesie. Field experiments were conducted on commercial plantation with an area of 1,2 hectares between the years 2011-2013. The production was established on sandy soil classified as IVb bonitation class. The aim of the study was to determine the economic efficiency of Polesie production on the basis of SGM (Standard Gross Margin). The research found that the production of raspberries in 2011-2013 was profitable. In the direct cost structure, the purchase of raspberry seedlings was one of the lowest expenses unlikely to some specific costs which covered labor hired to manual harvesting

Costs of cultivation of edible potatoes of Vineta variety

Celem badań było określenie efektywności ekonomicznej uprawy ziemniaków jadalnych odmiany Vineta, uprawianych na glebie lekkiej na podstawie standardowej nadwyżki bezpośredniej – SGM (Standard Gross Margin). Eksperyment prowadzono na plantacji produkcyjnej o powierzchni 1,7 ha, zlokalizowanej w województwie lubelskim. W wyniku przeprowadzonych badań stwierdzono, że produkcja ziemniaków jadalnych w latach 2015-2016 była opłacalna. Największy udział w strukturze poniesionych kosztów bezpośrednich stanowiły koszty: zakupu sadzeniaków (42,67%), specjalistyczne (33,90%), obornika (13,96%), następnie środków ochrony roślin (4,73%) oraz nawozów mineralnych (4,28%).The purpose of the study was to determine the economic efficiency of edible potatoes cultivation of Vineta variety grown on light soil on the basis of standard gross margin (SGM). Field research was carried out on a 1.7 ha plantation site located in Lublin Province. As a result of the research, it was found that the production of potatoes in the years 2015-2016 was profitable. The highest share in the structure of direct costs incurred was the purchase of seed potatoes (42.67%), specialized costs (33.90%), the cost of manure (13.96%), then the costs of plant protection products (4.73%) and mineral fertilizers (4.28%)

Effect of biostimulators and herbicides on savouriness and darkening of the flesh of potato tubers

Badania polowe przeprowadzono w latach 2012−2014, na glebie bardzo lekkiej i lekkiej. Doświadczenie założono w trzech powtórzeniach, metodą losowanych podbloków w układzie split-plot, gdzie czynnikiem pierwszym były trzy średnio wczesne odmiany ziemniaka jadalnego: Bartek, Gawin i Honorata, a drugim – stosowanie herbicydów i biostymulatorów: obiekt kontrolny z pielęgnacją wyłącznie mechaniczną i cztery obiekty, na których stosowano herbicydy: Harrier 295 ZC, Harrier 295 ZC i bioregulator Kelpak SL, Sencor 70 WG, Sencor 70 WG i biostymulator Asahi SL. Celem przeprowadzonych badań była ocena wpływu biostymulatorów i herbicydów na wybrane cechy jakości konsumpcyjnej (smakowitość, ciemnienie miąższu bulw surowych po 10 minutach, ciemnienie miąższu bulw ugotowanych po 10 minutach i 24 godzinach) bulw ziemniaka jadalnego. Na podstawie otrzymanych wyników wykazano, że spośród analizowanych cech jakości sensorycznej tylko ciemnienie miąższu bulw ugotowanych zależało istotnie od herbicydów i biostymulatorów, natomiast smakowitość i ciemnienie miąższu bulw surowych nie uległy zmianom w porównaniu do bulw z obiektu kontrolnego. Odmiany i warunki pogodowe w latach badań decydowały o wszystkich analizowanych cechach jakościowych.The potato is the world’s fourth most imported food crop, following after wheat rice and maize. It is an important food staple in Poland and many other countries. The potato quality depends on chemical composition, which modifies its nutritional value. It is very important to protect potato crops against competitive impact of weeds that decrease yield. Plant growth regulator treatment is an alternative way to achieve higher yielding and better quality of potato tubers. The growth substances stimulate life processes of plant by activating the synthesis of hormones and its stimulation, moreover they improve plant resistance to stress factors. The field experiment was carried out in years 2012−2014 on very light and light soil which belonged to a good rye complex. The experiment was designed as a two factors randomized block with three replicates. Factors examined in the experiment included three cultivars of edible potatoes – Bartek, Gawin, Honorata, and five methods application of herbicides and biostimulators. In this experiment application of the following herbicides: Harrier 295 ZC at a dose of 2,0 dm³·ha⁻¹, herbicides Harrier 295 ZC at a dose of 2,0 dm³·ha⁻¹ and growth regulators Kelpak SL at a dose of 2,0 dm³·ha⁻¹, Sencor 70 WG at a dose of 1,0 kg·ha⁻¹, Sencor 70 WG at a dose of 1,0 kg·ha⁻¹ and growth regulators Asahi SL at a dose of 1,0 dm³·ha⁻¹, while the control consisted of mechanical weeding without chemical protection. The aim of the research conducted in 2012–2014 was to determine the effect of the plant growth regulators and herbicides on the selected quality consumption features of potato tubers: savouriness, darkening of raw tubers after 10 minutes, darkening of cooked tubers after 10 minutes and after 24 hours. The obtained results showed that herbicides and biostimulators not affected the savouriness and darkening of raw tubers but resulted in increased darkening of cooked tubers after 10 minutes and after 24 hours. All determined consumption features significantly differentiated by features of the cultivars and weather conditions during the growing season. The smallest darkening flesh raw and cooked characterized by cultivars Gawin and Honorata, while the more cultivars darkened Bartek

Variability of old Scots pine Pinus sylvestris L. vegetative progeny from the Augustowska Primeval Forests

This study was carried out in the clone archive of old Scots pine Pinus sylvestris L. trees located in the Augustowska Primeval Forest. The aim of the study was to determine the intra-clonal diversity among quantitative and qualitative traits of the vegetative progeny of Scots pine trees older than 200 years. Our analyses included traits such as survival rate, height and diameter at breast height (DBH), stem straightness, length and width of the crowns as well as branch thickness and growth angle. There was no significant correlation between the age of mother trees and the traits of their vegetative progeny. However, mother trees did affect the survival of the progeny. In overall, the survival rate of grafts in the archive is high (about 80% at the age of 13 years) and there have been no significant fluctuations in recent years. Nevertheless, the variability of quantitative traits among vegetative progeny was high with the average height ranging from 2.16 m up to 6.71 m, and in the case of DBH, ranging from 3.23 cm to 12.1 cm. Both, height of trees and their DBH, were significantly different among the analysed clones. These intra-clone differences in growth traits indicate a high environmental impact on the growth and performance of clones. However, the diversity of quantitative and qualitative traits is comparable to the differences observed in the economic seed orchards with seedlings at a similar age. Most of the genotypes planted in the archive are fully viable and have matured to the stage of seed production. The clone archive can thus be viewed as both, a conservation effort and to obtain valuable seeds from the point of view of tree breeding. Therefore, establishing archives of tree clones using valuable genotypes is an effective method of conserving individual genotypes even of very old individuals

Impact of soil cultivation and weed control methods on nutrient yields and economic effectiveness of potato cultivation. Part I. Potato nutrient yields

Wyniki badań pochodzą z doświadczenia polowego przeprowadzonego w latach 2002-2004 w Rolniczej Stacji Doświadczalnej Zawady (52o06’ N; 22o06’ E), należącej do Akademii Podlaskiej w Siedlcach. Doświadczenie założono metodą losowanych podbloków (split-splot) w trzech powtórzeniach. Celem badań było określenie wpływu sposobów uprawy roli (tradycyjnej i uproszczonej) oraz siedmiu sposobów odchwaszczania łanu ziemniaka na plony suchej masy, skrobi i białka ogólnego. Wykazano istotny wpływ sposobów odchwaszczania i lat badań na plon suchej masy bulw, plon skrobi i białka ogólnego. Największe plony suchej masy, skrobi oraz białka ogólnego uzyskano na obiekcie, na którym zastosowano odchwaszczanie mechaniczne do wschodów, a po wschodach mieszankę herbicydów Plateen 41,5 WG (2,0 kg·ha-1) + Fusilade Forte 150 EC (2,5 dm3·ha-1) + Atpolan 80 EC 1,5 (dm3·ha-1), natomiast najmniejsze – na obiekcie, na którym stosowano pielęgnację mechaniczną do wschodów i po wschodach roślin ziemniaka.Research results come from a field experiment which was conducted over 2002-2004 at the Zawady Experimental Farm owned by the University of Podlasie, Siedlce (52o06’ N; 22o06’ E). Experimental design was a split-plot arrangement of treatments in a randomized complete block with three replications (blocks). The aim of this work was to determine an impact of soil tillage methods (conventional and simplified) as well as seven weed control methods in potato stand on dry matter, starch and total protein yields. A significant impact of weed control methods and study years on tuber dry matter yield, starch yield and total protein yield was found. The highest yields of the above-mentioned characteristics were obtained in the treatment where mechanical weed control was applied prior to potato emergence, and a mixture of herbicides Plateen 41.5 WG (2.0 kg·ha-1) + Fusilade Forte 150 EC (2.5 dm3·ha-1) + Atpolan 80 EC 1.5 (dm3·ha-1) was used post-emergence. The lowest yields were recorded in the treatment where mechanical control was applied pre- and post-emergence

Economic effectiveness of regulation weed infestation on the potatoes plantations

Celem badań była ocena efektywności ekonomicznej różnych sposobów redukowania zachwaszczenia w uprawie ziemniaków. Obiekty doświadczenia obejmowały pięć sposobów odchwaszczania: pielęgnacja mechaniczna i cztery obiekty pielęgnacji mechaniczno-chemicznej z użyciem herbicydów i ich mieszanin – Command 480 EC, Command 480 EC + Afalon Dyspersyjny 450 SC, Stomp 400 SC, Stomp 400 SC + Afalon Dyspersyjny 450 SC. Na obiektach odchwaszczanych mechaniczno-chemicznie, w porównaniu z zabiegami mechanicznymi, uzyskano wzrost plonu handlowego bulw o 70,3-182,7 dt/ha. Orientacyjne wskaźniki opłacalności (E1 i E2) wykazały, że chemiczna ochrona ziemniaka była opłacalna.This paper presents an assessment of economic efficiency of different methods of reducing weed infestation in potato cultivation. Experimental objects included five weed control methods: mechanical as well as four objects of mechanical-chemical treatments with the use of herbicides and their mixtures - Command 480 EC, Command 480 EC + Afalon Dyspersyjny 450 SC, Stomp 400 SC, Stomp 400 SC + Afalon Dyspersyjny450 SC. On the mechanical-chemical treated objects, as compared with mechanical weeding, the obtained increase of market yield of tubers was 70,3-182,7 dt/ha. Orientation indexes of profitability (E1 and E2) indicate that chemical protection of the potato was profitable

Wpływ sposobu uprawy roli i pielęgnacji na zachwaszczenie ziemniaka

A field experiment was conducted in the years 2002- 2004 at the Zawady Agricultural Experimental Station (52o06’ N; 22o06’ E), belonging to the University of Podlasie in Siedlce, Poland. The investigated factors were two soil tillage systems (traditional and reduced) and seven methods of weed control in potato canopies with herbicide application. The aim of the study was to determine the influence of tillage systems and weed control methods on the weed species composition and weed density. Tillage systems, weed control methods and atmospheric conditions prevailing in the study years significantly varied weed infestation of potato canopies at the beginning of vegetation and before tuber harvest. The lowest number of weeds, compared to the control treatment, was recorded in the treatments in which chemical and mechanical weed control had been applied. The treatments with the traditional tillage system also showed lower weed infestation than those in which simplifications had been applied.Doświadczenie polowe przeprowadzono w latach 2002-2004 w Rolniczej Stacji Doświadczalnej Zawady (52o06’ N; 22o06’ E), należącej do Akademii Podlaskiej w Siedlcach. Badanymi czynnikami były dwa sposoby uprawy roli (tradycyjna i uproszczona) i siedem sposobów odchwaszczania łanów ziemniaka z użyciem herbicydów. Celem badań było określenie wpływu sposobów uprawy roli i pielęgnacji na skład gatunkowy i liczebność chwastów. Zachwaszczenie łanów ziemniaka na początku wegetacji, jak również przed zbiorem bulw istotnie różnicowały sposoby uprawy, sposoby pielęgnacji oraz warunki atmosferyczne występujące w latach badań. Najmniejszą liczbę chwastów w porównaniu z obiektem kontrolnym zanotowano na obiektach odchwaszczanych mechaniczno-chemicznie. Również mniejsze zachwaszczenie wystąpiło na obiektach z uprawą tradycyjną niż po zastosowaniu uproszczeń