Studi Kualitas Briket Dari Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit Dengan Perekat Limbah Nasi

Perkebunan sawit telah menjadi perkebunan terbesar di Indonesia, salah satunya terdapat di Kabupaten Kuantan Singingi Propinsi Riau. Berdasarkan data, lahan perkebunan kelapa sawit yang terdapat di kabupaten ini seluas 116.527 Ha dengan hasil produksi 429.453 ton/tahun, dan akan dihasilkan limbah Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit (TKKS) sebesar 85.890,6 ton/tahun. Salah satu pemanfaatan TKKS adalah sebagai bahan baku briket dapat menjadi alternatif untuk mengatasi ketergantungan terhadap energi fosil. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kualitas briket TKKS dengan kadar perekat 60% memiliki nilai kalor tertinggi yaitu 5914,81 kal/g, kadar abu 12,36%, kadar volatile matter 12,15%, kadar karbon terikat 63,99%, kadar air terendah 11,50% dan laju pembakaran 0,0476 g/dt. Setelah dibandingkan dengan SNI 01-6235-2000 semua briket berbagai variasi perekat memenuhi standar nilai kalor tetapi belum ada satupun briket yang memenuhi standar kadar abu, sedangkan pada parameter volatile matter hanya pada briket dengan 60% dan 65% perekat yang telah sesuai dengan standar

Control of supercritical organic Rankine cycle based waste heat recovery system using conventional and fuzzy self-tuned PID controllers

This research develops a supercritical organic Rankine cycle (ORC) based waste heat recovery (WHR) system for control system simulation. In supercritical ORC-WHR systems, the evaporator is a main contributor to the thermal inertia of the system, which is greatly affected by transient heat sources during operation. In order to capture the thermal inertia of the system and reduce the computation time in the simulation process, a fuzzy-based dynamic evaporator model was developed and integrated with other component models to provide a complete dynamic ORC-WHR model. This paper presents two control strategies for the ORC-WHR system: evaporator temperature control and expander output control, and two control algorithms: a conventional PID controller and a fuzzy-based self-tuning PID controller. The performances of the proposed controllers are tested for set point tracking and disturbance rejection ability in the presence of steady and transient thermal input conditions. The robustness of the proposed controllers is investigated with respect to various operating conditions. The results show that the fuzzy self-tuning PID controller outperformed the conventional PID controller in terms of set point tracking and disturbance rejection ability at all conditions encountered in the paper