New occurrences of corticioid and poroid fungi (Basidiomycota) in Kedrovaya Pad Nature Reserve, Primorye Territory, Russian Far East

New data on corticioid and poroid basidiomycetes from Kedrovaya Pad Nature Reserve, Primorye Territory, Russian Far East, is presented. Altogether there are 182 known species from the reserve; 76 are reported as new to the reserve and two as new to Russia. The material was collected in July of 2016 from 9 study plots located in forests of different types. Findings of some rarely collected species such as Botryobasidium botryoideum, Cerinomyces aff. aculeatus, Junghuhnia aurantilaeta, Phanerochaete robusta and Tyromyces wynneae are briefly discussed. The full-length ITS sequences of Junghuhnia aurantilaeta, Phanerochaete robusta, Pyrrhoderma cf. sendaiense and Tyromyces wynneae were obtained and deposited in the GenBank. Junghuhnia aurantilaeta is proposed to be included in the new edition of the Red Data Book of Primorye Territory. The paper expands the knowledge of distribution of many species and increases the total number of species reported for the reserve.

Inequality trends in health and future health risk among English children and young people, 1999-2009.

To investigate trends in health inequality among children and young people between 1999 and 2009, using outcomes consistent with the current NHS reforms

The relationship between pubertal status and neural activity during risky decision-making in male adolescents

- Purpose: Adolescence is a time of dramatic changes in a range of behaviours, which occur in tandem with changes in brain structure and function. These coincide with the physiological changes of puberty, but little research has focussed on the possible contributing role of puberty. One important behaviour emerging in adolescence is the increased propensity to make risky decisions. A prominent theory to explain this increased propensity for risk is the ‘dual systems’ model (Casey et al., 2008), where risky decisions result from a dissociation in the timing of the maturation of the limbic system and the prefrontal cortex, both regions involved in risky decision-making. The limbic system (incorporating the ventral striatum) is hypothesised to mature relatively early in adolescence, and is thought to be related to pubertal maturation. In contrast, the prefrontal cortex is thought to undergo more protracted development throughout adolescence. This study explores how developmental changes in brain function when performing a risk-taking fMRI (functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging) task are related to puberty, independently of chronological age. - Methods: Forty-five male participants aged 13-14 years underwent fMRI scanning whilst performing a risk-taking task (BART task, adapted from Lejuez et al., 2002). In this age range, there is normal variability in pubertal development, with individuals being at all stages of puberty from pre-puberty to having completed puberty. In the BART task, participants had to decide whether to inflate a virtual balloon on a screen. Successful inflation of the balloon resulted in the opportunity to earn more money, but risked the balloon popping and the money being lost. Stopping allowed the participants to save the money towards their final earnings. Participants completed four six-minute runs of the task. Pubertal stage was assessed using self-report measures including a pictorial Tanner stage and the Pubertal Developmental Scale (Petersen et al., 1988). Salivary hormone levels were collected to measure levels of Testosterone, Oestradiol and DHEA. Participants also completed validated self-report questionnaires of risk-taking, impulsivity and sensation-seeking. - Results: The analysis focused on a main effect, across the entire group, of active decision-making compared to the control condition in regions including the prefrontal cortex and limbic system, which are known to be involved in risky decision-making. We also investigated whether this activation was differentially related to puberty across regions, using both group-wise and regression analyses. - Conclusions; This study investigated a role for puberty in the functional development of brain regions involved in risky decision-making in males, and further informs the usefulness of the dual systems model of risk taking during adolescence

Puberty and risky decision-making in male adolescents

Pubertal development is a potential trigger for increases in risk-taking behaviours during adolescence. Here, we sought to investigate the relationship between puberty and neural activation during risky decision-making in males using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Forty-seven males aged 12.5-14.5 years completed an fMRI risk-taking task (BART) and reported their tendencies for risky decision-making using a self-report questionnaire. Puberty was assessed through self-reported pubertal status and salivary testosterone levels. Testosterone concentration, but not physical pubertal status, was positively correlated with self-reported risk-taking behaviour, while neither was correlated with BART performance. Across the whole sample, participants had greater activation of the bilateral nucleus accumbens and right caudate on trials when they made a successful risky decision compared to trials when they made a safe choice or when their risky decision was unsuccessful. There was a negative correlation between pubertal stage and brain activation during unsuccessful risky decision-making trials compared within unsuccessful control trials. Males at a lower stage of pubertal development showed increased activation in the left insula, right cingulate cortex, dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC), right putamen and right orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) relative to more pubertally mature males during trials when they chose to take a risk and the balloon popped compared to when they watched the computer make an unsuccessful risky decision. Less pubertally mature males also showed greater activation in brain regions including the dmPFC, right temporal and frontal cortices, right OFC, right hippocampus and occipital cortex in unsuccessful risky trials compared to successful risky trials. These results suggest a puberty-related shift in neural activation within key brain regions when processing outcomes of risky decisions, which may reduce their sensitivity to negative feedback, and in turn contribute to increases in adolescent risk-taking behaviours

Validity of self-reported versus actual age in Nepali children and young people

• Self-reported age is a potential source of misclassification bias in International Surveys. • We compare objectively recorded age with self-reported age at mean age 11.5 years in 3943 children in rural Nepal. • There was high agreement between actual and self-reported age with an error rate of 7%

Is Mental Health Competence in Childhood Associated With Health Risk Behaviors in Adolescence? Findings From the UK Millennium Cohort Study

PURPOSE: Promoting positive mental health, particularly through enhancing competencies (such as prosocial behaviors and learning skills), may help prevent the development of health risk behaviors in adolescence and thus support future well-being. Few studies have examined how mental health competencies in childhood are associated with adolescent health risk behaviors, which could inform preventative approaches. METHODS: Using UK Millennium Cohort Study data (n = 10,142), we examined how mental health competence (MHC) measured at the end of elementary school (11 years) is associated with self-reported use of cigarettes, e-cigarettes, alcohol, illegal drugs, antisocial behavior, and sexual contact with another young person at age 14 years. A latent measure of MHC was used, capturing aspects of prosocial behavior and learning skills, categorized as high MHC, high-moderate MHC, moderate MHC, and low MHC. Logistic and multinomial regression estimated odds ratios and relative risk ratios for binary and categorical outcomes, respectively, before and after adjusting for confounders. Weights accounted for sample design and attrition and multiple imputation for item missingness. RESULTS: Those with low, moderate, or high-moderate MHC at age 11 years were more likely to have taken part in health risk behaviors at age 14 years compared with those with high MHC. The largest associations were seen for low MHC with binge drinking (relative risk ratio: 1.6 [95% confidence interval: 1.1-2.4]), having tried cigarettes (odds ratio: 2.2 [95% confidence interval: 1.6-3.1]) and tried illegal drugs (odds ratio: 2.0 [95% confidence interval: 1.3-3.1) after adjusting for confounders (which attenuated results but largely maintained significant findings). CONCLUSIONS: MHC in late childhood is associated with health risk behaviors in midadolescence. Interventions that increase children's MHC may support healthy development during adolescence, with the potential to improve health and well-being through to adulthood

Is earlier obesity associated with poorer executive functioning later in childhood? Findings from the Millennium Cohort Study

BACKGROUND: Children affected with overweight or obesity have been associated with having lower educational achievement compared to peers who are non-overweight/obese. One of the drivers of this association could be a link between obesity and poorer executive function. Evidence is limited to small, cross-sectional studies which lack adjustment for important common causes. OBJECTIVE: We investigate the association between weight status and executive function longitudinally in mid-childhood, accounting for potential common causes. METHODS: Linear regression analyses were conducted to examine associations between weight status between 5 and 7 years and executive functioning at 11 years in members of the Millennium Cohort Study (n = 7739), accounting for a wide range of potential common causes. Age- and sex-specific International Obesity Taskforce cut-points for body mass index (BMI) were used. Executive function, including decision-making, impulsivity and spatial working memory, was assessed using the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery. RESULTS: There were no unadjusted associations between weight status and decision-making or impulsivity. After adjustment for all potential common causes, there was a lack of consistent evidence to support an association between persistent obesity (including overweight) between 5 and 7 years and spatial working memory task at 11 years. CONCLUSIONS: We found little evidence that poorer spatial working memory contributes to the association of children with obesity having lower educational achievement

Feasibility, acceptability, and effectiveness of young people-specific, integrated out-of-hospital services: a protocol for a systematic review

Background: The need for specific services for young people is being widely recognized to address their unique and complex health needs. Growing evidence in integrated health services shows promise in improving the efficiency of health systems. Although there is a broad agreement on the need for integrated care in young people, there has been no systematic effort to evaluate the provision of integrated out-of-hospital health services for this group. The proposed systematic review aims to assess the effectiveness, feasibility, and acceptability of young people-specific integrated out-of-hospital services. Methods: We will search the following databases using a systematic search strategy: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL Plus, and CENTRAL for articles published in the English language without applying date filters. The search will be supplemented with article search from systematic reviews of relevant topics, reference lists, and citations of included studies. Eligible studies will include peer-reviewed publications reporting on the evaluation of integrated out-of-hospital health services for young people (10–24 years) regarding effectiveness, feasibility, and acceptability. Two reviewers (AP and AA) will independently carry out study selection, data extraction, and quality assessment. Study findings will be summarized in a narrative review. Wherever possible, evidence synthesis of quantitative data will be done using forest plots and pooled estimates. Discussion: This review aims to provide comprehensive evidence regarding young people-specific integrated outof-hospital health services. Such rigorously evaluated evidence will be useful for policy makers and health professionals to design and select health services for this group. This review will also identify any evidence gaps in young people-specific integrated health services evaluation