In-sample forecasting: A brief review and new algorithms

Statistical methods often distinguish between in-sample and out-of-sample approaches. In particular this is the case when time is involved. Then often time series methods are proposed that extrapolate past patterns into the future via complicated recursion formulas. Standard statistical inference is on the other hand concerned with estimating parameters within the given sample. This review paper is about a statistical methodology, where all parameters are estimated in-sample while producing a forecast out-of-sample without recursion or extrapolation. A new super-simulation algorithm ensures a faster implementation of the simplest and perhaps most important version of in-sample forecasting

A Quantitative Investigation on the Effect of Edge Enhancement for Improving Visual Acuity at Different Levels of Contrast

Background: The major limitation in human vision is refractive error. Auxiliary equipment and methods for these people are not always available. In addition, limited range of accommodation in adult people when switching from a far point to a near point is not simply possible. In this paper, we are looking for solutions to use the facilities of digital image processing and displaying to improve visual acuity when using digital display devices. We quantitatively investigate the effect of edge enhancement on improving the visual acuity at different levels of contrast. We can improve visual acuity for people such as emmetropia, myopia and hyperopia when they utilize display devices. Materials and Methods: According to the objective of this research, 24 visual acuity optical charts were designed using MATLAB software, based on logMAR standard. The charts have different levels of contrast with enhanced edges of optotypes at two brightness levels: 0 and 255. The proposed patterns were tested on 20 human subjects. The obtained results for each chart were analyzed in SPSS software. Results: The results show that at all contrast levels, edge enhancement improves visual acuity. The degree of improvement where the edges have brightness level of 0 is higher than where the edges have brightness level of 255. Conclusion: Based on the results, enhancing the edges of optotypes in the background image improves visual acuity by about 16.1% on logMAR scale

Defining technical risks in software development

Challenges of technical risk assessment is difficult to address, while its success can benefit software organizations appreciably. Classical definition of risk as a \u27combination of probability and impact of adverse event\u27 appears not working with technical risk assessment. The main reason of this is the nature of adverse event\u27s outcome which is rather continuous than discrete. The objective of this study was to scrutinize different aspects of technical risks and provide a definition, which will support effective risk assessment and management in software development organizations. In this study we defined the risk considering the nature of actual risks, emerged in software development. Afterwards, we summarized the software engineers\u27 view on technical risks as results of three workshops with 15 engineers of four software development companies. The results show that technical risks could be viewed as a combination of uncertainty and magnitude of difference between actual and optimal design of product artifacts and processes. The presented definition is congruent with practitioners view on technical risk. It supports risk assessment in a quantitative manner and enables identification of potential product improvement areas

Defining technical risks in software development

Challenges of technical risk assessment is difficult to address, while its success can benefit software organizations appreciably. Classical definition of risk as a \u27combination of probability and impact of adverse event\u27 appears not working with technical risk assessment. The main reason of this is the nature of adverse event\u27s outcome which is rather continuous than discrete. The objective of this study was to scrutinize different aspects of technical risks and provide a definition, which will support effective risk assessment and management in software development organizations. In this study we defined the risk considering the nature of actual risks, emerged in software development. Afterwards, we summarized the software engineers\u27 view on technical risks as results of three workshops with 15 engineers of four software development companies. The results show that technical risks could be viewed as a combination of uncertainty and magnitude of difference between actual and optimal design of product artifacts and processes. The presented definition is congruent with practitioners view on technical risk. It supports risk assessment in a quantitative manner and enables identification of potential product improvement areas