Coordinación entre las políticas fiscal y ambiental en el Perú

Incluye BibliografíaEl objetivo del estudio es, identificar y evaluar los mecanismos usados entre los distintos niveles de gobierno [central, intermedio (provincial, estadual, distrital, departamental); y municipal] para asegurar la coordinación entre la política fiscal y los objetivos de política ambiental. Es de suma importancia por lo tanto, caracterizar eventuales 'fallas de coordinación' entre las políticas fiscal y ambiental (y si es el caso, también entre éstas y otras políticas sectoriales); que puedan estar afectando adversamente la gestión ambiental y el logro de metas nacionales de desarrollo sostenible dentro de los sectores económicos de interés para las autoridades ambientales y fiscales. Sin embargo, la economía peruana no sobresale ni por el manejo adecuado (sostenible); de su riqueza natural, tal como lo muestran las estadísticas de deforestación y las tendencias de largo plazo de la riqueza hidrobiológica, ni por la maximización de beneficios económicos a través de la comercialización en los mercados interno y externo de los productos derivados de su capital natural. ¿Cuáles han sido las principales razones que nos han conducido a tal manejo de nuestros recursos? ¿Las políticas ambientales se encuentran claramente definidas e insertadas en las políticas nacionales de desarrollo? ¿Cuáles han sido los principales mecanismos de regulación aplicados en la explotación de recursos naturales? ¿Cómo se puede lograr, al mismo tiempo, el crecimiento económico sostenido y la conservación de la calidad ambiental y riqueza natural? ¿Qué papel juegan (pueden jugar); los incentivos (instrumentos); económicos para lograr estos objetivos? ¿Cuáles instrumentos se consideran con mayor viabilidad, dadas las capacidades de gestión y marcos institucionales prevalecientes? Estas son algunas de las preguntas que se buscaron responder en un Grupo Técnico Multisectorial, convocado y coordinado por el CONAM, y donde se ha enfatizado la identificación de nuevos incentivos de mercado para que los agentes económicos adopten nuevos procesos y tecnologías

Quantitative evaluation of CFTR pre-mRNA splicing dependent on the (TG)mTn poly-variant tract

Genetic analysis in cystic fibrosis (CF) is a difficult task. Within the many causes of variability and uncertainty, a major determinant is poor knowledge of the functional effect of most DNA variants of the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane conductance Regulator (CFTR) gene. In turn, knowledge of the effect of a CFTR variant has dramatic diagnostic, prognostic and, in the era of CF precision medicine, also therapeutic consequences. One of the most challenging CFTR variants is the (TG)mTn haplotype, which has variable functional effect and controversial clinical consequences. The exact quantification of the anomalous splicing of CFTR exon 10 (in the HGVS name; exon 9 in the legacy name) and, consequently, of the residual wild-type functional CFTR mRNA, should be mandatory in clinical assessment of patients with potentially pathological haplotype of this tract. Here, we present a real time-based assay for the quantification of the proportion of exon 10+/exon 10- CFTR mRNA, starting from nasal brushing. Our assay proved rapid, economic and easy to perform. Specific primers used for this assay are either disclosed or commercially available, allowing any laboratory to easily perform it. A simplified analysis of the data is provided, facilitating the interpretation of the results. This method helps to enhance the comprehension of the genotype- phenotype relationship in CF and CFTR-related disorders (CFTR-RD), crucial for the diagnosis, prognosis and personalized therapy of CF

BaTiO(3)-(Ni(0.5)Zn(0.5))Fe(2)O(4) ceramic composites with ferroelectric and magnetic properties

No abstract availabl

Severe asthma: One disease and multiple definitions

Introduction: There is, so far, no universal definition of severe asthma. This definition usually relies on: number of exacerbations, inhaled therapy, need for oral corticosteroids, and respiratory function. The use of such parameters varies in the different definitions used. Thus, according to the parameters chosen, each patient may result in having severe asthma or not. The aim of this study was to evaluate how the choice of a specific definition of severe asthma can change the allocation of patients. Methods: Data collected from the Severe Asthma Network Italy (SANI) registry were analyzed. All the patients included were then reclassified according to the definitions of U-BIOPRED, NICE, WHO, ATS/ERS, GINA, ENFUMOSA, and TENOR. Results: 540 patients, were extracted from the SANI database. We observed that 462 (86%) met the ATS/ERS criteria as well as the GINA criteria, 259 (48%) the U-Biopred, 222 (41%) the NICE, 125 (23%) the WHO, 313 (58%) the Enfumosa, and 251 (46%) the TENOR criteria. The mean eosinophil value were similar in the ATS/ERS, U-Biopred, and Enfumosa (528, 532 and 516 cells/mcl), higher in WHO and Tenor (567 and 570 cells/mcl) and much higher in the NICE classification (624 cells/mcl). Lung function tests resulted similarly in all groups, with WHO (67%) and ATS/ERS-GINA (73%), respectively, showing the lower and upper mean FEV1 values. Conclusions: The present observations clearly evidence the heterogeneity in the distribution of patients when different definitions of severe asthma are used. However, the recent definition of severe asthma, provided by the GINA document, is similar to that indicated in 2014 by ATS/ERS, allowing mirror reclassification of the patients examined. This lack of homogeneity could complicate the access to biological therapies. The definition provided by the GINA document, which reflects what suggested by ATS/ERS, could partially overcome the problem