Primena molekularnih markera u napretku stočarstva

With recent developments in DNA technologies, a large number of genetic polymorphisms at DNA sequence level has been introduced over the last decades as named DNA-based markers. The discovery of new class of DNA profiling markers has facilitated the development of marker-based gene tags, mapbased cloning of livestock important genes, variability studies, phylogenetic analysis, synteny mapping, marker-assisted selection of favourable genotypes, etc. The most commonly used DNA-based markers have advantages over the traditional phenotypic and biochemical markers since they provide data that can be analyzed objectively. In this article the main applications of molecular markers in present-day breeding strategies for livestock improvement - parentage determination, genetic distance estimation, genetic diversity, gene mapping and marker-assisted selection have been reviewed.Sa razvojem DNK tehnologija, veliki broj genetskih polimorfizama na nivou DNK sekvence su predstavljene poseldnjih godina pod nazivom DNK markeri. Otkriće novih klasa DNK markera je olakšalo razvoj marker gena, kloniranja gena od važnosti u stočarstvu i to na bazi mapa, ispitivanje varijabilnosti, filogenetske analize, mapiranja, selekcije poželjnih genotipova pomoću markera, itd. Markeri na bazi DNK koji se najčešće koriste imaju prednost u odnosu na tradicionalne fenotiske i biohemijske markere jer obezbeđuju podatke koji se mogu objektivno analizirati. U ovom radu su predstavljeni načini korišćenja i aplikacija molekularnih markera u postojećim odgajivačkim strategijama odn. napretku stočarstva - određivanje porekla, ocena genetske distance, genetskog diverziteta, mapiranje gena i selekcija pomoću markera

Molekularna genetika i SSR markeri kao nova praksa u genomskoj analizi farmskih životinja u reprodukciji i kontroli bolesti

Molecular genetics investigates the genetic makeup of individuals at the DNA level. That includes the identification and mapping of molecular genetic markers and genetic polymorphisms. Molecular genetic markers (DNA markers) are one of the most powerful means for the genomic analysis and allow the connection of hereditary traits with genomic variation. Molecular marker technology has developed rapidly over the last decade and two shapes of specific DNA based marker, Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs), also known as microsatellites, and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) prevail applications in modern genetic analysis. Genomic simple sequence repeats (SSRs, microsatellites) have been used for a variety of purposes, including gene tagging, physical mapping, genome mapping, estimation of genetic diversity, phylogenetic and conservation genetic purposes in farm animal breeding. SSR analyses are applied successfully in parentage verification and pedigree analysis, as disease markers and to locate the mutation in genetic disorders in livestock animals. The ultimate use of SSRs markers is for mapping quantitative trait loci (QTL), marker assisted selection (MAS) in order to practice genomic selection and improve the farm animal health. Developments in 'omics' technologies, such as genomic selection, may help overcome several of the limitations of traditional breeding programmes and will be especially beneficial in breeding for lowly heritable disease traits that only manifest themselves following exposure to pathogens or environmental stressors in adulthood. The current paper provides a brief overview of the present - day application of microsatellites markers in animal breeding and make significant contribution to the overall farm animal health and resistance to disease.Molekularna genetika istražuje genetski sastav pojedinaca na nivou DNK. To uključuje identifikaciju i mapiranje molekularnih genetskih markera i genetskih polimorfizama. Molekularni genetski markeri (DNK markeri) su jedan od najmoćnijih sredstava genomske analize i pružaju mogućnost povezivanja naslednih osobina sa genomskim varijacijama. Tehnologija molekularnih markera se brzo razvila u poslednjoj deceniji, a dva oblika markera na bazi DNK, Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR), takođe poznati kao mikrosateliti, i polimorfizam pojedinačnih nukleotida - Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP) preovlađuju u primeni u modernoj genetskoj analizi. Genomske sekvence - ponavljanja (Simple Sequence Repeats - SSR, mikrosateliti) se koriste za razne svrhe, uključujući označavanje gena, fizičko mapiranje, mapiranje genoma, procena genetičke raznovrsnosti, filogenetske i u svrhu genetičke konzervacije u uzgoju farmskih životinja. SSR analiza se uspešno primenjuju u verifikaciji roditeljstva, i analizi pedigrea, kao markeri bolesti i u pronalaženju mutacije i genetskih poremećaja kod farmskih životinja. Krajnja upotreba SSR markera je za mapiranje lokusa kvantitativnih osobina (QTL), selekciji pomoću markera (MAS), kako bi se u praksi primenjivala genomska selekciju i unapređenje zdravlja farmskih životinja. Razvoj u tehnologijama 'omics'', kao što je genomska selekcija, može pomoći u prevazilaženju nekoliko ograničenja tradicionalnih odgajivačkih programa a posebno će biti korisna za oplemenjivanje i odgoj na nižu naslednost naslednih osobina bolesti koje se ispoljavaju tek nakon izloženosti patogenima ili ekološkim stresorima u odraslom dobu. Ovaj rad daje kratak pregled današnje primene mikrosatelit markera u stočarstvu i daje značajan doprinos ukupnom zdravlju životinja uzgajanih na farmi i otpornosti na bolesti

Study of the growth traits relationship of lambs in the postnatal development

Data from the Pirot improved sheep were use to estimate postnatal development and growth traits relationship of lambs from birth to weaning. The experiment included 360 lambs, divided into three groups (I, II, III). Lamb traits included BW at birth and approximately 30d, 60d and 90d (weaning). Lambs managed under conditions typical of the area. Male lambs in-group I had a total gain of 22.97 kg (0.255 kg/d), in group II 25.97 kg (0.286 kg/d) (P (lt) 0.01). Lambs in-group III the total gain was 24.64 kg (0.274 kg/d), which was lower than lambs of group II (P>0.05). On the other side, III group of lambs had a higher gain than the I group (P (lt) 0.01). Development of female lambs in the postnatal period was slightly weaker. Lambs of I group, from birth to weaning had a total gain of 21.27 kg, (0.236 kg/d), II group was 23.32 kg (0.259 kg/d). The difference was statistically very significant (P (lt) 0.01). Lambs of group III had a total gain of 23.54 kg (0.261kg/d) and higher growth rate then lambs of group II, but not significant (P>0.05). From the other side, the difference in comparison with the groups III and I was very significant (P (lt) 0.01). Correlations between BWB and BW30, 60, 90 are ranged from low to moderate among the respective traits and ranged between positive from 0.001 to 0.365 and negative from -0.005 to -0.279. Can conclude that the selection should direct towards producing lambs with intermediate birth weight

Taking the Metabolic Pulse of the World\u27s Coral Reefs

Worldwide, coral reef ecosystems are experiencing increasing pressure from a variety of anthropogenic perturbations including ocean warming and acidification, increased sedimentation, eutrophication, and overfishing, which could shift reefs to a condition of net calcium carbonate (CaCO3) dissolution and erosion. Herein, we determine the net calcification potential and the relative balance of net organic carbon metabolism (net community production; NCP) and net inorganic carbon metabolism (net community calcification; NCC) within 23 coral reef locations across the globe. In light of these results, we consider the suitability of using these two metrics developed from total alkalinity (TA) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) measurements collected on different spatiotemporal scales to monitor coral reef biogeochemistry under anthropogenic change. All reefs in this study were net calcifying for the majority of observations as inferred from alkalinity depletion relative to offshore, although occasional observations of net dissolution occurred at most locations. However, reefs with lower net calcification potential (i.e., lower TA depletion) could shift towards net dissolution sooner than reefs with a higher potential. The percent influence of organic carbon fluxes on total changes in dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) (i.e., NCP compared to the sum of NCP and NCC) ranged from 32% to 88% and reflected inherent biogeochemical differences between reefs. Reefs with the largest relative percentage of NCP experienced the largest variability in seawater pH for a given change in DIC, which is directly related to the reefs ability to elevate or suppress local pH relative to the open ocean. This work highlights the value of measuring coral reef carbonate chemistry when evaluating their susceptibility to ongoing global environmental change and offers a baseline from which to guide future conservation efforts aimed at preserving these valuable ecosystems

Cyanobacteria of the thermal spring at Pancharevo, Sofia, Bulgaria

Eight taxa of cyanobacteria were identified in the thermal spring at Pancharevo (in the Sofia basin, Bulgaria). As well as the widespread Lyngbya thermalis, Phormidesmis molle (syn. Phormidium molle), Phormidium papyraceum, Phormidium corium and Mastigocladus laminosus, four species were identified for the first time in Bulgaria: Calothrix thermalis, Gloeocapsa gelatinosa, Leibleinia epiphytica and Symploca thermalis

Publisher: Institute for Animal Husbandry, Belgrade-Zemun UDC 619:636 DOI:10.2298/BAH1004155P IMPROVED DIAGNOSTIC STRATEGY FOR FOOT-AND- MOUTH DISEASE IN BULGARIA

Abstract: Foot – and – mouth- disease is severe, highly contagious disease of cloven – hoofed animals that affects large animal livestock species and various wildlife species. Different countries has a different FMD status which require a disparate approach defining the diagnostic and control strategy. A variety of new diagnostic tests and procedures was developed to improve FMD laboratory diagnosis. The aim of this study is to evaluate the contemporary diagnostic tools and the ability of our laboratory to detect FMD virus or viral genome in field samples and cell culture fluids using an Ag ELISA, TaqMan real-time RT-PCR and Virus isolation combined with chromatographic- LFD (lateral flow devises) tests. Key words: Foot – and – mouth – disease, molecular diagnostics, ELISA, Real time RT-PCR, FMD viruses, viral genom

Publisher: Institute for Animal Husbandry, Belgrade-Zemun UDC 639.112 RABBIT PRODUCTION IN BULGARIA**

Bulgarian board of bird and rabbit meat processin