Imaging Modalities for the Glenoid Track in Recurrent Shoulder Instability: A Systematic Review

A grant from the One-University Open Access Fund at the University of Kansas was used to defray the author's publication fees in this Open Access journal. The Open Access Fund, administered by librarians from the KU, KU Law, and KUMC libraries, is made possible by contributions from the offices of KU Provost, KU Vice Chancellor for Research & Graduate Studies, and KUMC Vice Chancellor for Research. For more information about the Open Access Fund, please see http://library.kumc.edu/authors-fund.xml.Background: The glenoid track (GT) concept illustrates how the degree of glenoid bone loss and humeral bone loss in the glenohumeral joint can guide further treatment in a patient with anterior instability. The importance of determining which lesions are at risk for recurrent instability involves imaging of the glenohumeral joint, but no studies have determined which type of imaging is the most appropriate. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to determine the validity and accuracy of different imaging modalities for measuring the GT in shoulders with recurrent anterior instability. We hypothesized that 3-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT) would be the most accurate imaging technique. Study Design: Systematic review; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: A systematic review was performed according to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines using PubMed, Scopus, Medline, and Cochrane libraries between database inception and July 2019. We included all clinical trials or cadaveric studies that evaluated imaging modalities for assessing the GT. Results: A total of 13 studies were included in this review: 1 study using 2-dimensional CT, 6 studies using 3D-CT, 4 studies using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 1 study using magnetic resonance arthrography (MRA)/MRI, and 1 study combining CT and MRI. The mean sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for 2D-CT was 92%, 100%, and 96%, respectively. For MRI, the means were 72.2%, 87.9%, and 84.2%, respectively. No papers included 3D-CT metrics. The mean intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for intraobserver reliability were 0.9046 for 3D-CT and 0.867 for MRI. ICCs for interobserver reliability were 0.8164, 0.8845, and 0.43 for 3D-CT, MRI, and MRA/MRI, respectively. Conclusion: There is evidence to support the use of both CT and MRI imaging modalities in assessing the GT. In addition, few studies have compared radiographic measurements with a gold standard, and even fewer have looked at the GT concept as a predictor of outcomes. Thus, future studies are needed to further evaluate which imaging modality is the most accurate to assess the GT

Skład chemiczny olejku eterycznego Scaligeria meifolia Boiss. rosnącego w Iranie

Scaligeria meifolia Boiss., belonging to the Apiaceae family, grows wild in Iran. The essential oil from aerial parts of S. meifolia were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Thirty-one constituents representing 99.98% of total oil components were identified. The main constituents of the essential oil were germacrene–D, (24.2%), germacrene-B (14.8%), limonene (14.2%), γ-elemene (11.6 %) and β-elemene (5.2%).Scaligeria meifolia Boiss. należąca do rodziny Apiaceae, rośnie dziko w Iranie. Olejek eteryczny z nadziemnych części S. meifolia uzyskano i analizowano za pomocą GC i GC/MS. Zidentyfikowano 31 składników, co stanowi 99,98% wszystkich składników olejku. Najważniejszymi składnikami olejku eterycznego były: germakren-D (24,2%), germakren- B (14,8%), limonen (14,2%), γ-elemen (11,6%) i β-elemen (5,2%)

Drying Technologies: Vehicle to High-Quality Herbs

Herbs are usually marketed as dry due to a consumer demand beyond their seasonality; dehydration leads to a stable, easily moveable product that is available throughout the year. The process of drying, though, leads to modifications in the appearance, composition and quality of the raw material. The extent of these alterations depends on the applied drying methodology and its parameters, rendering the optimization of this process imperative. Numerous studies examining the effect of drying on the main characteristics of herbs have been published in recent years, and this review aims at organizing the available information of the studied herbs, drying methods and measured parameters in a comprehensive manner. Primarily, since aroma is the main characteristic of herbs and the principal aim for the end product is to retain the raw material’s character, this review will focus on the most widely studied effect of drying, which is the essential oil yield and composition. Secondly, results from various studies on the influence of drying on biochemical compounds, organoleptic properties of dried herbs are also presented. The most common approach to the study of drying kinetics is also presented. Finally, novel technologies targeting to minimize the magnitude of changes from the raw material are described