Inequivalent Leggett-Garg inequalities

It remains an open question how realist view of macroscopic world emerges from quantum formalism. For testing the macrorealism in quantum domain, an interesting approach was put forward by Leggett and Garg in $1985$, by formulating a suitable inequality valid for any macrorealistic theory. Recently, by following the Wigner idea of local realist inequality, a probabilistic version of standard Leggett-Garg inequalities have also been proposed. While the Wigner form of local realist inequalities are equivalent to the two-party, two-measurements and two outcomes CHSH inequalities, in this paper we provide a generic proof to demonstrate that the Wigner form of Leggett-Garg inequalities are not only inequivalent to the standard ones but also stronger than the later. This is demonstrated by quantifying the amount of disturbance caused by a prior measurement to the subsequent measurements. In this connection, the relation between LGIs and another formulation of macrorealism known as no-signaling in time is examined.Comment: Close to the published version. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1705.0993

Means and Variances of Early Generation Bulked Populations in Spring Wheat as Predictors of Derived Line Performance

Fifteen crosses involving three high and three low-yielding hard red spring wheats, (Triticum aestivum L.), adapted inbred lines to the production conditions of South Dakota were used to assess early generation means and variances in identifying bulked populations that produced high-yielding derived lines. In addition, different generations were evaluated to determine which would best identify crosses with the greater potential for producing segregates having high-yielding ability. Traits examined in early generation bulked and spaced-planted populations and derived lines were: 1) grain yield; 2) time to heading; and, 3) plant height. Means and variances of early generation bulked populations were moderately successful in detecting those crosses which produced superior derived lines. The variance was somewhat more effective. Most of the high-yielding and early-heading lines were obtained from crosses identified as superior either by mean, variance or both in F3 and F4 in 1985 and 1986, respectively. None of the parameters, however, was successful in predicting shorter derived lines. Populations producing the largest number of high-yielding derived lines were obtained from crosses with both parents high- yielding. Derived lines with the lower mean yield were from crosses involving low-yielding parents. The proportion of high-yielding derived lines from high X low crosses was the same as from the high x high crosses in 1985. The derived lines obtained from crosses involving SD2861 as one of the parents showed high mean yields and headed early. Crosses involving Guard also showed a large number of high-yielding derived lines

A frequency domain test for propriety of complex-valued vector time series

This paper proposes a frequency domain approach to test the hypothesis that a stationary complexvalued vector time series is proper, i.e., for testing whether the vector time series is uncorrelated with its complex conjugate. If the hypothesis is rejected, frequency bands causing the rejection will be identified and might usefully be related to known properties of the physical processes. The test needs the associated spectral matrix which can be estimated by multitaper methods using, say, K tapers. Standard asymptotic distributions for the test statistic are of no use since they would require K → ∞, but, as K increases so does resolution bandwidth which causes spectral blurring. In many analyses K is necessarily kept small, and hence our efforts are directed at practical and accurate methodology for hypothesis testing for small K. Our generalized likelihood ratio statistic combined with exact cumulant matching gives very accurate rejection percentages. We also prove that the statistic on which the test is based is comprised of canonical coherencies arising from our complex-valued vector time series. Frequency specific tests are combined using multiple hypothesis testing to give an overall test. Our methodology is demonstrated on ocean current data collected at different depths in the Labrador Sea. Overall this work extends results on propriety testing for complex-valued vectors to the complex-valued vector time series setting

Hiding Text in Audio Using LSB Based Steganography

A Steganographic method for embedding  textual information in WAV audio  is discussed here. In the proposed method each audio sample is converted into bits and then the textual information is embedded in it. In embedding process , first the message character is converted into its equivalent binary. The last 4 bits of this binary is taken into consideration and applying redundancy of the binary code the prefix either 0 or 1 is used. To identify the uppercase, lower case, space ,and number the control symbols in the form of binary is used. By using proposed LSB based algorithm, the capacity of stego system to hide the text increases. The performance evaluation is done on the basis of MOS by taking 20 samples and comparison of  SNR values with some known and proposed algorithm. Keywords: LSB, WAV, MOS , control symbols, stego system , SNR

RNA interference modulates replication of dengue virus in Drosophila melanogaster cells

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Mosquito-borne dengue virus (DENV, genus <it>Flavivirus</it>) has emerged as a major threat to global human health in recent decades, and novel strategies to contain the escalating dengue fever pandemic are urgently needed. RNA interference (RNAi) induced by exogenous small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) has shown promise for treatment of flavivirus infections in hosts and prevention of transmission by vectors. However, the impact of RNAi triggered by authentic virus infection on replication of DENV, or any flavivirus, has received little study. The objectives of the current study were threefold: first, to assess the utility of <it>Drosophila melanogaster </it>S2 cells for the study of DENV, second to investigate the impact of multiple enzymes in the RNAi pathway on DENV replication; and third to test for variation in the response of the four serotypes of DENV to modulation of RNAi.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Three strains from each of the four DENV serotypes showed replication in S2 cells following infection at multiplicity of infection (MOI) 0.1 and MOI 10; each strain achieved titers > 4.0 log₁₀pfu/ml five days after infection at MOI 10. The four serotypes did not differ in mean titer. S2 cells infected with DENV-1, 2, 3 or 4 produced siRNAs, indicating that infection triggered an RNAi response. Knockdown of one of the major enzymes in the RNAi pathway, Dicer-2 (Dcr-2), resulted in a 10 to 100-fold enhancement of replication of all twelve strains of DENV in S2 cells. While serotypes did not differ in their average response to Dcr-2 knockdown, strains within serotypes showed significant differences in their sensitivity to Dcr-2 knockdown. Moreover, knockdown of three additional components of the RNAi pathway, Argonaute 2 (Ago-2), Dcr-1 and Ago-1, also resulted in a significant increase in replication of the two DENV strains tested, and the magnitude of this increase was similar to that resulting from Dcr-2 knockdown.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>These findings indicate that DENV can replicate in <it>Drosophila </it>S2 cells and that the RNAi pathway plays a role in modulating DENV replication in these cells. S2 cells offer a useful cell culture model for evaluation of the interaction between DENV and the RNAi response.</p