Metal Ion-Coordinating Properties in Aqueous Solution of the Antivirally Active Nucleotide Analogue (S)-9-[3-Hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine (HPMPA). Quantification of Complex Isomeric Equilibria

Acyclic nucleoside phosphonates are of medical relevance and deserve detailed chemical characterization. We focus here on ( S )‐9‐[3‐hydroxy‐2‐(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine (HPMPA) and include for comparison 9‐[2‐(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]adenine (PMEA), as well as the nucleobase‐free (phosphonomethoxy)ethane (PME) and ( R )‐hydroxy‐2‐(phosphonomethoxy)propane (HPMP). The acidity constants of H 3 (HPMPA) + were determined and compared with those of the related phosph(on)ate derivatives; they are also needed to understand the properties of the metal ion complexes. Given that in vivo nucleotides and their analogues participate in reactions typically as divalent metal ion (M 2+ ) complexes, the stability constants of the M(H;HPMPA) + and M(HPMPA) species with M 2+ = Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , Sr 2+ , Ba 2+ , Mn 2+ , Co 2+ , Ni 2+ , Cu 2+ , Zn 2+ , and Cd 2+ were measured. Comparisons between the results for HPMPA 2- and the previous data for PMEA 2- , HPMP 2- and PME 2- revealed that for most M(HPMPA) complexes the enhanced stability (the enhancement relative to the stability of a simple phosphonate‐M 2+ coordination), can solely be explained by the formation of 5‐membered chelates involving the ether oxygen. These chelates occur in equilibrium with simple ′open′ phosphonate‐M 2+ species, the phosphonate group being the primary binding site. The only exceptions are the M(HPMPA) complexes of Ni 2+ , Cu 2+ , and Zn 2+ , which show an additional stability enhancement; in these instances not only the indicated 5‐membered chelates are formed, but M 2+ coordinates in addition to N3 of the adenine residue forming a 7‐membered chelate ring. This observation regarding N3 is important because it emphasizes the metal ion affinity of this site (which is often ignored). Note that in the DNA double helix N3 is exposed to the solvent in the minor groove. The stability data for the monoprotonated M(H;HPMPA) + complexes suggest that these carry H + at the phosphonate group whereas M 2+ is partly at the nucleobase and partly also at the phosphonate group. The ratios of these isomers depend on the metal ion involved, e.g., for Cu(H;HPMPA) the ratio of the isomers is about 1:1

Long-term Effects of a Brief, Video-based Parenting Education Program on Parenting Knowledge, Attitudes, and Self-efficacy in College Students

The focus of this project was to evaluate the effectiveness of a brief parent education program, as a teaching and preventative tool for non-expectant individuals. The study was designed to test whether or not this parent education program would be effective long-term in positively impacting parenting knowledge, approval of ineffective parenting practices, approval of nurturing parenting practices, and self-efficacy. Findings and Conclusions: This brief parent education intervention was effective long term in positively impacting parenting knowledge, approval of ineffective parenting practices, and self-efficacy towards parenting. These changes were evident for both non-expectant men and women.Department of Psycholog

Nickel(II), Copper(II) and Zinc(II) Complexes of 9-[2- (Phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]-8-azaadenine (9,8aPMEA), the 8-Aza Derivative of the Antiviral Nucleotide Analogue 9-[2-(Phosphonomethoxy)ethyl] adenine (PMEA). Quantification of Four Isomeric Species in Aqueous Solution

The acidity constants of the twofold protonated acyclic nucleotide analogue 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)- ethyl]-8-azaadenine, H2(9,8aPMEA)±, as well as the stability constants of the M(H;9,8aPMEA)+ and M(9,8aPMEA) complexes with the metal ions M2+ =Ni2+, Cu2+ or Zn2+, have been determined by potentiometric pH titrations in aqueous solution at I=0.1 M (NaNO3) and 25℃. The result for the release of the first proton from H2(9,8aPMEA)+ (pKa= 2.73), which originates from the (N1)H+ site, was confirmed by UV-spectrophotometric measurements. Application of previously determined straight-line plots of log KMM(R-PO3) versus PKH3(R-HPO3)' for simple phosph(on)ate ligands, R- PO-, where R represents a residue without an affinity for metal ions, proves that the primary binding site of 9,8aPMEA2- is the phosphonate group for all three metal ions studied. By stability constant comparisons with related ligands it is shown, in agreement with conclusions reached earlier for the Cu(PMEA) system [PMEA2-=dianion of 9-[2- (phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]adenine], that in total four different isomers are in equilibrium with each other, i.e. (i) an open isomer with a sole phosphonate coordination, M(PA)op, where PA2-=PMEA2-or 9,8aPMEA2-, (ii) an isomer with a 5-membered chelate involving the ether oxygen, M(PA)cl/o, (iii) an isomer which contains 5- and 7-membered chelates formed by coordination of the phosphonate group, the ether oxygen and the N3 site of the adenine residue, M(PA)cl/O/N3, and finally (iv) a macrochelated isomer involving N7, M(PA)cl/]N7. The Cu2+ systems of PMEA2- and 9,8aPMEA2- behave quite alike; the formation degrees for Cu(PA)op, CuM(PA)cl/O, Cu(PA)cl/O/N3 and Cu(PA)cl/N3 are approximately 16, 32, 45 and 7%, respectively, which shows that Cu(PA)cl/N7 is a minority species. In the Ni2+ and Zn2+ systems the open isomer is the dominating one followed by M(PA)cl/O, but there are indications that the other two isomers also occur to some extent

Extent of intramolecular π stacks in aqueous solution in mixed-ligand copper(II) complexes formed by heteroaromatic amines and the anticancer and antivirally active 9-[2-phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]guanine (PMEG).✩ a comparison with related acyclic nucleotide analogues

The acyclic nucleoside phosphonate (ANP2– ) 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]guanine (PMEG) is anticancer and antivirally active. The acidity constants of the threefold protonated H3(PMEG)+ were determined by potentiometric pH titrations (aq. sol.; 25°C; I = 0.1 M, NaNO3). Under the same conditions and by the same method, the stability constants of the binary Cu(H;PMEG)+ and Cu(PMEG) complexes as well as those of the ternary ones containing a heteroaromatic N ligand (Arm), that is, of Cu(Arm)(H;PMEG)+ and Cu(Arm)(PMEG), where Arm = 2,2'-bipyridine (Bpy) or 1,10-phenanthroline (Phen), were measured. The corresponding equilibrium constants, taken from our earlier work for the systems with 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]adenine (PMEA) and 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]-2,6-diamino-purine (PMEDAP) as well as those for Cu(PME) and Cu(Arm)(PME), where PME2– = (phosphonomethoxy)ethane = (ethoxymethyl)phosphonate, were used for comparisons. These reveal that in the monoprotonated ternary Cu(Arm)(H;PE)+ complexes, the proton and Cu(Arm)2+ are at the phosphonate group; the ether oxygen of the -CH2-O-CH2-P(O) 2 ! (OH) residue also participates to some extent in Cu(Arm)2+ coordination. Furthermore, the coordinated Cu(Arm)2+ forms a bridge with the purine moiety undergoing π-π stacking which is more pronounced with H·PMEDAP– than with H·PMEA– . Most intense is π stack formation (st) with the guanine residue of H·PMEG– ; here the bridged form Cu(Arm)(H·PMEG) st + occurs next to an open (op), unbridged (binary) stack, formulated as Cu(Arm)2+/(H·PMEG) op ! . – The unprotonated and neutral ternary Cu(Arm)(PE) complexes are considerably more stable than the corresponding Cu(Arm)(R-PO3) species, where R-PO3 2! represents a phosph(on)ate ligand with a group R that is unable to participate in any intramolecular interaction. The observed stability enhancements are mainly due to intramolecular stack formation (st) between the aromatic rings of Arm and the purine residue in the Cu(Arm)(PE) complexes and also, to a smaller extent, to the formation of fivemembered chelates involving the ether oxygen of the -CH2-O-CH2-PO 3 2! residue (cl/O) of the PE2– species. The quantitative analysis of the intramolecular equilibria reveals three structurally different Cu(Arm)(PE) isomers; e.g., of Cu(Phen)(PMEG) ca. 1.1% exist as Cu(Phen)(PMEG)op, 3.5% as Cu(Phen)(PMEG)cl/O, and 95% as Cu(Phen)(PMEG)st. Comparison of the various 3 formation degrees reveals that within a given Cu(Arm)(PE) series the stacking tendency decreases in the order PMEG2– ≥ PMEDAP2– > PMEA2– . Furthermore, stacking is more pronounced in the acyclic Cu(Arm)(PE) complexes compared with that in the Cu(Arm)(NMP) species, where NMP2– = corresponding parent (2'-deoxy)nucleoside 5'-monophosphate. Here is possibly one of the reasons for the biological activity of the ANPs. One is tempted to speculate that the pronounced stacking tendency of PMEG2– , together with a different H-bonding pattern, leads to enhanced binding in the active site of nucleic acid polymerases, thus being responsible for the pronounced anticancer and antiviral activity of PMEG

Metal Ion-Binding Properties of the Diphosphate Ester Analogue, Methylphosphonylphosphate, in Aqueous Solution

The stability constants of the 1:1 complexes formed between methylphosphonylphosphate (MePP3-), CH3P(O)-2-O-PO32-, and Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, ​ or Cd2+ (M2+) were determined by potentiometric pH titration in aqueous solution (25 °C; l = 0.1 M, NaNO3). Monoprotonated M(H;MePP) complexes play only a minor role. Based on previously established correlations for M2+-diphosphate monoester complex-stabilities and diphosphate monoester β-group. basicities, it is shown that the M(Mepp)- complexes for Mg2+ and the ions of the second half of the 3d series, including Zn2+ and Cd2+, are on average by about 0.15 log unit more stable than is expected based on the basicity of the terminal phosphate group in MePP3-. In contrast, Ba(Mepp)- and Sr(Mepp)- are slightly less stable, whereas the stability for Ca(Mepp)- is as expected, based on the mentioned correlation. The indicated increased stabilities are explained by an increased basicity of the phosphonyl group compared to that of a phosphoryl one. For the complexes of the alkaline earth ions, especially for Ba2+, it is suggested that outersphere complexation occurs to some extent. However, overall the M(Mepp)- complexes behave rather as expected for a diphosphate monoester ligand

A blind benchmark of analysis tools to infer kinetic rate constants from single-molecule FRET trajectories

Single-molecule FRET (smFRET) is a versatile technique to study the dynamics and function of biomolecules since it makes nanoscale movements detectable as fluorescence signals. The powerful ability to infer quantitative kinetic information from smFRET data is, however, complicated by experimental limitations. Diverse analysis tools have been developed to overcome these hurdles but a systematic comparison is lacking. Here, we report the results of a blind benchmark study assessing eleven analysis tools used to infer kinetic rate constants from smFRET trajectories. We test them against simulated and experimental data containing the most prominent difficulties encountered in analyzing smFRET experiments: different noise levels, varied model complexity, non-equilibrium dynamics, and kinetic heterogeneity. Our results highlight the current strengths and limitations in inferring kinetic information from smFRET trajectories. In addition, we formulate concrete recommendations and identify key targets for future developments, aimed to advance our understanding of biomolecular dynamics through quantitative experiment-derived models

Suitability of Thoracic Cytology for New Therapeutic Paradigms in Non-small Cell Lung Carcinoma: High Accuracy of Tumor Subtyping and Feasibility of EGFR and KRAS Molecular Testing

Introduction:The two essential requirements for pathologic specimens in the era of personalized therapies for non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) are accurate subtyping as adenocarcinoma (ADC) versus squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC) and suitability for EGFR and KRAS molecular testing. The aim of this study was to comprehensively review the performance of cytologic specimens for the above two goals in a high-volume clinical practice.Methods:Subtyping of primary lung carcinomas by preoperative cytology was correlated with subsequent resection diagnoses during a 1-year period (n = 192). The contribution of various clinicopathologic parameters to subtyping accuracy and utilization of immunohistochemistry (IHC) for NSCLC subtyping were analyzed. In addition, the performance of cytologic specimens submitted for EGFR/KRAS molecular testing during a 1-year period (n = 128) was reviewed.Results:Of the 192 preoperative cytology diagnoses, tumor subtype was definitive versus favored versus unclassified in 169 (88%) versus 15 (8%) versus 8 (4%) cases, respectively. Overall accuracy of cytologic tumor subtyping (concordance with histology) was 93% and accuracy of definitive diagnoses 96%. For a group of patients with ADC and SqCC (n = 165), the rate of unclassified cytologic diagnoses was 3% and overall accuracy 96%. IHC was used for subtyping of 9% of those cases, yielding 100% accuracy. The strongest predictors of difficulty in subtyping of ADC and SqCC were poor differentiation (p = 0.0004), low specimen cellularity (p = 0.019), and squamous histology (p = 0.003). Of 128 cytologic specimens submitted for molecular testing, 126 (98%) were suitable for analysis, revealing EGFR and KRAS mutations in 31 (25%) and 25 (20%) cases, respectively.Conclusions:Cytologic subtyping of NSCLC is feasible and accurate, particularly when morphologic assessment is combined with IHC. Furthermore, routine cytologic specimens can be successfully used for EGFR/KRAS mutation analysis. Our data strongly support the suitability of cytologic specimens for the new therapeutic paradigms in NSCLC

Breast-Lesion Characterization using Textural Features of Quantitative Ultrasound Parametric Maps

© 2017 The Author(s). This study evaluated, for the first time, the efficacy of quantitative ultrasound (QUS) spectral parametric maps in conjunction with texture-analysis techniques to differentiate non-invasively benign versus malignant breast lesions. Ultrasound B-mode images and radiofrequency data were acquired from 78 patients with suspicious breast lesions. QUS spectral-analysis techniques were performed on radiofrequency data to generate parametric maps of mid-band fit, spectral slope, spectral intercept, spacing among scatterers, average scatterer diameter, and average acoustic concentration. Texture-analysis techniques were applied to determine imaging biomarkers consisting of mean, contrast, correlation, energy and homogeneity features of parametric maps. These biomarkers were utilized to classify benign versus malignant lesions with leave-one-patient-out cross-validation. Results were compared to histopathology findings from biopsy specimens and radiology reports on MR images to evaluate the accuracy of technique. Among the biomarkers investigated, one mean-value parameter and 14 textural features demonstrated statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) between the two lesion types. A hybrid biomarker developed using a stepwise feature selection method could classify the legions with a sensitivity of 96%, a specificity of 84%, and an AUC of 0.97. Findings from this study pave the way towards adapting novel QUS-based frameworks for breast cancer screening and rapid diagnosis in clinic