Animal welfare attitudes: Effects of gender and diet in university samples from 22 countries

Animal Welfare Attitudes (AWA) are defined as human attitudes towards the welfare of animals in different dimensions and settings. Demographic factors, such as age and gender are associated with AWA. The aim of this study was to assess gender differences among university students in a large convenience sample from twenty-two nations in AWA. A total of 7914 people participated in the study (5155 women, 2711 men, 48 diverse). Participants completed a questionnaire that collected demographic data, typical diet and responses to the Composite Respect for Animals Scale Short version (CRAS-S). In addition, we used a measure of gender empowerment from the Human Development Report. The largest variance in AWA was explained by diet, followed by country and gender. In terms of diet, 6385 participants reported to be omnivores, 296 as pescatarian, 637 ate a vegetarian diet and 434 were vegans (n = 162 without answer). Diet was related with CRAS-S scores; people with a vegan diet scored higher in AWA than omnivores. Women scored significantly higher on AWA than men. Furthermore, gender differences in AWA increased as gender inequality decreased

Surveying Psychometric Features of Persian Version of Morning-Eventide Questionnaire

It is recognized that day forms (morning, moderate, eventide) are related to many of meta-physiologic, cognitive and conductive variables and therefore there is need to Persian questionnaire for measurement of these body preferences. This research was done aimed at surveying psychometric features of morning-eventide questionnaire (Horne and Ostberg, 1976). This study was conducted on 270 students of Allame Tabatabaie University and Tehran University of Science and Researches and four questionnaires of morning-eventide, Beck depression, Oxford happiness, and general health were used for examination of structure validity (convergent, divergent, and factor structure). Considering the correlations achieved between morning-eventide questionnaire and other three questionnaires, and also main questionnaire factor analysis, structure validity of Persian version of this questionnaire was approved. In addition, appropriate Cronbach Alpha Coefficient (-0.79) was achieved. According to suitable statistical analyses and obtained results, it seems that Persian version of morning-eventide questionnaire has appropriate validity and reliability for measurement of day forms and could be effective tools for this