Inferring Microscopic Kinetic Rates from Stationary State Distributions.

We present a principled approach for estimating the matrix of microscopic transition probabilities among states of a Markov process, given only its stationary state population distribution and a single average global kinetic observable. We adapt Maximum Caliber, a variational principle in which the path entropy is maximized over the distribution of all possible trajectories, subject to basic kinetic constraints and some average dynamical observables. We illustrate the method by computing the solvation dynamics of water molecules from molecular dynamics trajectories

Sexual violence among married women: an unspoken sting

Sexual violence is not only a violation of human rights, but also a public health problem, with intimate partner violence and sexual violence among the most pervasive forms of violence against women. Worldwide, one in three women experience either physical or sexual partner violence or non-partner sexual violence. The lifetime prevalence of sexual partner violence reported by women, in age group of 15 to 49 years, in the WHO multi-country study ranged from 6% in Japan to 59% in Ethiopia, with rates in the majority of settings falling between 10% and 50%. The observed inter community; country and regional variation in the prevalence of violence imply that sexual violence within marriage can be addressed and preventable. The existing prevention programmes need to be tested and scaled up. The majority of women tend to avoid reporting these experiences due to associated shame, reprisal or gender inequity. Current review is an attempt to address the sexual violence among married women in a silent suffering. Various internets based popular search engines were used to explore data from literature, which includes PubMed, PubMed Central, Google Scholar and Medknow. Search was done using the key-word combinations ‘sexual violence within marriage’ and ‘intimate partner violence’. A total of 51 publications were evaluated for this article

Study of difference in child rearing practice based on sex of child among married women of reproductive age group in urban slum of Mumbai

Background: India a vast country has left behind a number of stigmas and prejudices to move ahead as one nation. Still in a number of states, villages, cities and towns, gender bias is persistent leading to female discrimination. Objective: To study the difference in child rearing practices based on sex of child among married women of reproductive age group in urban slum of Mumbai.Methods:A community based, cross-sectional study was carried out among 900 married women of reproductive age group during a period of Jan. 2007 to Jan. 2008 at Shivajinagar urban health centre, which is field practice area of T. N. medical college, Mumbai. Participants were selected by systematic random sampling in an urban slum of Mumbai, Maharashtra.Results:In present study, a total of 900 married women with their children below five year are 1158 (male: 632 & female: 526) were analyzed. There was statistically significant difference between child rearing practices like breast feeding initiation, complimentary feeding, immunization status, nutritional status, and treatment seeking behavior.Conclusion:The findings in the present study confirm that sex based difference in child rearing practices persist in urban slum area of Mumbai.

Study of prevalence and socio-demographic determinants of pterygium patients attending at a tertiary care teaching hospital of Western Maharashtra, India

Background: The pterygium is known to cause refractive errors including astigmatism, which can have negative impact on the vision. The present study was carried out to find out the prevalence and socio-demographic determinants of pterygium patients attending Pravara rural hospital, Loni, Maharashtra, India.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in outpatient department of ophthalmology in Pravara rural hospital, Loni. A total of 1910 patients of various ocular morbidities were registered during the studied period in the department of ophthalmology, among these, 100 patients who had pterygium were reviewed. All 100 patients were examined by torch and slit lamp. Data were analysed statistically using percentage and proportions whenever necessary.Results: Out of the 100 pterygium patients, 48% were in the age group of >60 years, followed by 32% in the age group of 51-60 years. In relation to occupation, maximum 82% patients were farm labours followed by 11% were house workers. Majority (62%) having unilateral, while (38%) was having bilateral pterygium. All cases of pterygium were nasal.Conclusion: People who work outdoors are subjected to increase U.V. exposure. So people must be aware of this and they must take appropriate precautions like wearing protective glasses and caps etc.