Recover Degraded Document images Using Binarization Technique

In now a days,whole world is connected through the internet. The different types of data ,we can save,copy and backup in the digital form. But old data which is in the form of traditional paper. This old data plays important role in a major task.Many of the paper data is being degraded due to lack of reason. The front and rear data are mix up together so segmention of text from badly degraded document is very challenging task.To solve this problem by using binarization technique. In this paper ,we propose four binarization technique for recovering degraded document images.we firstly apply contrast inversion mechanism on degraded document images. The contrast map is then converted to grayscale image so as to clearly identify the text stroke from background and foreground pixels.Detected text is further segmented using local threshold method that is estimated based on intensities of detected text stroke edge pixel.Finally applying post processing to improve the quality of degraded document images.This binarization technique is simple,robust and efficient for recovering degraded document images. DOI: 10.17762/ijritcc2321-8169.150612

Background Surface Estimation and Stroke Edge Detection by Using Document Image Binarization

Badly degraded document images of text is very challenging task for segmentation .in this paper presents binarization technique ,to segment the text from badly degraded document images perfectly. this technique is based on text document usually have uniform color and texture. it has different intensity level. In the proposed technique, firstly background surface of document estimate through the polynomial smoothing procedure and compensated with different type of degraded document. then using compensated document detecting text stroke edge by using image gradient. finally segmenting text of degraded document by a local threshold, that estimated based on detected text stroke edge

Quantum Cournot equilibrium for the Hotelling-Smithies model of product choice

This paper demonstrates the quantization of a spatial Cournot duopoly model with product choice, a two stage game focusing on non-cooperation in locations and quantities. With quantization, the players can access a continuous set of strategies, using continuous variable quantum mechanical approach. The presence of quantum entanglement in the initial state identifies a quantity equilibrium for every location pair choice with any transport cost. Also higher profit is obtained by the firms at Nash equilibrium. Adoption of quantum strategies rewards us by the existence of a larger quantum strategic space at equilibrium.Comment: 13 pages, 6 tables, 8 figure

Trends in Private Equity and Venture Capital Investments with Special Focus on the Booming India Growth Story

Private Equity investments have restructured the trend of acquisitions and aided in valuecreation as against strategic buyers. Private equity’s growing involvement in many sectors is evenmore striking. The nature of investments of private equity firms and funds, the strategies employed,value creating practices, profitable exits are significantly different from that of other strategic andcorporate buyers. The paper deals with the above aspects. The paper is divided into two parts. Part Ideals with the basics of private equity investment structures and exits. Part II of the paper deals withthe private equity growth story in India. Private equity investments, proposed changes to regulations,sectoral growth, venture capital regulations as well as impact of the latest Union budget a thecredit crunch have been dealt with

In-situ observations and acoustic measurements upon fragmentation of free-floating intermetallics under ultrasonic cavitation in water

Grain refinement in alloys is a well-known effect of ultrasonic melt processing. Fragmentation of primary crystals by cavitation-induced action in liquid metals is considered as one of the main driving mechanisms for producing finer and equiaxed grain structures. However, in-situ observations of the fragmentation process are generally complex and difficult to follow in opaque liquid metals, especially for the free-floating crystals. In the present study, we develop a transparent test rig to observe in real time the fragmentation potential of free-floating primary Al3Zr particles under ultrasonic excitation in water (an established analogue medium to liquid aluminium for cavitation studies). An effective treatment domain was identified and fragmentation time determined using acoustic pressure field mapping. For the first time, real-time high-speed imaging captured the dynamic interaction of shock waves from the collapsing bubbles with floating intermetallic particles that led to their fragmentation. The breakage sequence as well as the cavitation erosion pattern were studied by means of post-treatment microscopic characterisation of the fragments. Fragment size distribution and crack patterns on the fractured surface were then analysed and quantified. Application of ultrasound is shown to rapidly (<10 s) reduce intermetallic size (from 5 mm down to 10 μm), thereby increasing the number of potential nucleation sites for the grain refinement of aluminium alloys during melt treatment.EPSRC (via Oxford Brookes University