Observed Hemispheric Asymmetry in Stratospheric Transport Trends From 1994 to 2018

©2020. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved. Total columns of the trace gases nitric acid (HNO3) and hydrogen chloride (HCl) are sensitive to variations in the lower stratospheric age of air, a quantity that describes transport time scales in the stratosphere. Analyses of HNO3 and HCl columns from the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change panning 77°S to 79°N have detected changes in the extratropical stratospheric transport circulation from 1994 to 2018. The HNO3 and HCl analyses combined with the age of air from a simulation using the MERRA2 reanalysis show that the Southern Hemisphere lower stratosphere has become 1 month/decade younger relative to the Northern Hemisphere, largely driven by the Southern Hemisphere transport circulation. The analyses reveal multiyear anomalies with a 5- to 7-year period driven by interactions between the circulation and the quasi-biennial oscillation in tropical winds. This hitherto unrecognized variability is large relative to hemispheric transport trends and may bias ozone trend regressions

Ontogenetic variations of thermal optimum for growth, and its implication on thermolabile sex determination in blue tilapia

Knowledge of how the optimum temperature for growth (Tdegrees(opt)) varies during ontogeny, and how close it is to the temperatures that induce Phenotypic masculinization is fundamental to the understanding of the evolution of thermolabile sex determinism (TSD) in fishes. In blue tilapia Oreochromis aureus, Tdegrees(opt) is 32.6degrees C at the start of exogenous feeding (10 mg fish) and it decreases by c 1degrees C each time that the fish bode mass increases by an order of magnitude. Temperatures <35degrees C are not sufficient to induce complete phenotypic masculinization. Based on a multiple-regression model (r(2)=0.938) plotting growth against body mass and water temperature. genotypically female tilapia living at high temperatures during the thermosensitive period (21-28 days) and being reversed into phenotypic males should incur an initial growth disadvantage over fish living at Tdegrees(opt) but not over those living at slightly colder temperatures (27-29degrees C). This initial disadvantage would be later compensated for by faster growth because of between-sex growth dimorphism to the detriment of phenotypic females. These arguments suggest that there is no definite pressure against the selection of TSD in blue tilapia and probable other Oreochromis spp. (C) 2002 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved