Standard of civilization, nomadism and territoriality in nineteenth-century international society

In this chapter, the encounter between the Russian Empire and the nomads of the Eurasian steppe in the nineteenth century is analyzed using the theoretical framework of the standard of civilization. The creation of the Westphalian state-model in Europe in the seventeenth century, linked to the later emergence of the notion of the standard of civilization led to the ‘othering’ of the nomads of the Eurasian steppe as barbarians, as a threat to the borders of civilized Europe. The chapter presents also an argument to define ‘territoriality’ as not only an institution of international society of the time but also as a distinctive quality and requirement for being considered ‘civilized’. In this analytical framework, the nomads become the ‘other’, the ‘alien’, the ‘menace’, onto which projections of rationality and modernity were cast in order to prevent threats to Russia’s European and civilized identity. The chapter sheds light on the encounter between ‘fixed’ and ‘mobile’ units in the course of expansion of international society; contextualizes the role played by nomadic tribes in resisting the application of Westphalian spatial categories in the Eurasian space; and scrutinizes what the role of nomads was in constructing a European, civilized identity.PostprintPeer reviewe

Constantin Pobedonostsev in 1890s - early 1900s: influencing the Russia's public opinion

Author of the article analyzes the instruments of ideological struggle used by the famous conservative politician Constantine Pobedonostsev in order to influence the turn-of-century Russia's public opinion. The contacts of Pobedonostsev with the right-wing journalists and conservative periodicals are being investigated, as well as his activities as a translator and publisher. Conclusions are being made with regard to the reasons of Pobedonostsev's failure to influence the Russia's public opinion