Evaluating Transatlantic Flight Emissions and Inefficiencies Using Space-Based ADS-B Data

The increasing demand for global air travel has intensified the urgency to mitigate aviation’s carbon emissions. Continuous monitoring of aircraft fuel efficiency and emissions has become an important task in aviation. One of the main challenges has been the lack of surveillance data for flights across oceans, specifically in the North Atlantic region, where numerous flights occur. Recently, space-based ADS-B data has been made available by new space companies like Spire Global, enabling flight surveillance for aircraft in remote regions, including transatlantic flights. In this study, we utilize several months of space-based ADS-B data from Spire, combined with groundbased ADS-B data from the OpenSky Network, to demonstrate increased accuracy in flight trajectory and emission estimations. We introduce the use of wind data to improve emission quantification. Utilizing these accurate trajectories, we quantify excess emissions by comparing actual flight paths with their optimal alternatives. Our approach provides a robust methodology that benefits future policy for carbon emissions assessments.Control & Simulatio

Cross-Reactivity between Schistosoma mansoni Antigens and the Latex Allergen Hev b 7: Putative Implication of Cross-Reactive Carbohydrate Determinants (CCDs)

IgG antibodies produced by rabbits immunized against S. mansoni antigens cross-reacted with aqueous soluble constituents of a variety of allergens. The antibody cross-reactivity was largely sensitive to degradation by treatment of the target antigens with sodium meta-periodate, suggesting the cross-reactivity was due to carbohydrate determinants that were common to both the schistosome and the allergens (CCDs). The reaction between the rabbit antibodies and a 43 kDa molecule in a rubber latex extract was analysed further: tandem mass spectrometry identified the latex molecule as allergen Hev b 7. Rabbit anti-schistosome IgG antibodies purified by acid-elution from solid-phase latex Hev b 7 reacted with the S. mansoni egg antigens IPSE/alpha-1 and kappa-5 and cercarial antigens SPO-1 and a fatty acid-binding protein. Moreover, purified anti-S. mansoni egg, latex cross-reactive antibodies reacted with antigenic constituents of some fruits, a result of potential relevance to the latex-fruit syndrome of allergic reactions. We propose that IgG anti-schistosome antibodies that cross-react with allergens may be able to block IgE-induced allergic reactions and thus provide a possible explanation for the hygiene hypothesis