Effect of Biological and Mineral Phosphorus Fertilizers together with Microelement Sprayings on Yield and Component of Yield in Pinto Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

In connection with sustainability of agriculture the effect of biological and mineral phosphorus fertilizers together with spraying plants with microelements on yield and yield components of pinto bean was investigated in an experiment at the Research Station of Rahal Agricultural College in Khoy city in 2012 growing season. The experiment was used factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications and two factors. The first factor consisted of phosphorus fertilizer in four levels (without using of fertilizer, as ontrol; barvar-2-phosphate biofertilizer, barvar-2phosphate biofertilizer together with super phosphate at the rate of 100 kg.ha-1 and only super phosphate at the rate of 200 kg.ha-1) and Second factor consisted of micro element spraying of plants with liquid fertilizer in three levels (without spraying, as control; micro element spraying with concentration of 2% and micro elements spraying with concentration of 4%). The results showed that phosphorus fertilizers, affected except number of grains per pod and 100 seed weight, the plant height, number of main branches per plant, number of leaf per plant, number of pods per plant, harvest index and grain yield significantly. Maximum grain yield were obtained from treatments of super phosphate at rate of 200 kg.ha-1 and barvar-2 phosphate biofertilizer together with super phosphate at rate of 100 kg.ha-1. However, the yields of these two treatments were statistically the same. Therefore, reduce use of chemical fertilizers and protect of natural resources, the use of barvar-2 phosphate biofertilizer is advisable. The effect of spraying plants with micro elements on traits, except number of grains per pod and 100 seed weight, like plant height, number of main branches per plant, number of leaf per plant, number of pods per plant, harvest index and grain yield were significant. Maximum grain yield was also obtained from spraying plants by micro elements with density of 2% and 4% and these two experimental treatments were placed in the same statistical group

Evaluation of Potato and Pinto bean Intercropping

To evaluate beneficial effect of intercropping based on replacement and additive methods to sustainable agriculture, two experiments were conducted at the Agricultural Research Station of University of Tabriz in 2005 and 2006, to study the effect of intercropping potato and pinto bean by using these two methods. The experiments carried out using randomized complete block design with three replications and 16 treatments. The treatments, consisted of: eight treatments of replacement intercropping with 2:1 and 3:1 proportions of potato and pinto bean (with densities of 4.7 and 5.3 plants m-2 for potato and 45 and 55 plants m-2 for pinto bean), four treatments of additive intercropping (with densities of 4.7 and 5.3 plants m-2  for potato and 5.3 and 10.6 plants m-2 for pinto bean), two sole croppings of potato (4.7 and 5.3 plants m-2) and two sole croppings of pinto bean (45 and 55 plants m-2). Maximum tuber yield per plant, tuber yield of potato per unit area, tuber size, mean tuber weight, number of leaves and branches per plant were obtained from replacement intercropping treatments. Maximum grain yield of pinto bean per unit area was obtained from the replacement intercropping treatments; Maximum grain yield per plant, number of pods per plant, number of leaves and branches, plant height, dates of emergence, flowering, poding and ripening were obtained from the additive intercropping treatments. To evaluate the beneficial effect of intercropping, land equivalent ratio (LER) was more than one, and the maximum amounts for two years (1.25 and 1.27, respectively) belonged to replacement intercropping of 1:2 treatment (66% potato with 5.3 plants per m2 + 34%pinto bean with 55 plants per m2). This treatment, therefore, can be recommended to be the best intercropping pattern for sustainable agriculture