6,576 research outputs found
International Assistance and Cooperation for Access to Essential Medicines
Access to essential medicines is a critical problem that plagues many developing countries. With a daunting number of domestic constraints technologically, economically, and otherwise developing countries are faced with a steep uphill battle to meet the human rights obligation of providing essential medicines immediately. To meet these challenges, the international human rights obligations of international assistance and cooperation can play a key role to help developing countries fulfill the need for access to essential medicines. This article seeks to highlight and expand upon the current understanding of international assistance and cooperation for access to essential medicines through a review of obligations identified in international human rights law and a synthesis of official guidance provided on the matter
The Presidentâs Global Health Initiative
The U.S. Global Health Initiative (GHI) represents the Obama administrationâs new strategy for international development assistance in health. With a pledge of $63 billion over six years, GHI aims to fund PEPFAR and a set of broader global health issues (e.g., maternal and child health, nutrition, and neglected tropical diseases). GHI is also being framed as âsmart powerâ whereby health would serve as a critical tool for U.S. foreign policy.
However, as the U.S. enters a period of severe budgetary restraint and as domestic crises rise to the fore, the promise of global health reform could become illusory. The lack of coordination and coherence in the U.S. global health architecture, as well as the broader U.S. foreign assistance system, require fundamental changes in the U.S. approach to global health going forward. This article analyzes current weaknesses in the GHI strategy and makes four key suggestions for the transformation of the U.S. global health enterprise under GHI. These suggestions include: (1) the devotion of resources that are predictable, sustainable, and scalable to needs; (2) the development of a true âwhole of governmentâ approach; (3) greater collaboration with international partners for success; and (4) the encouragement of host country ownership
Bonnor-type Black Dihole Solution in Brans-Dicke-Maxwell Theory
It was originally thought that Bonnor's solution in Einstein-Maxwell theory
describes a singular point-like magnetic dipole. Lately, however, it has been
demonstrated that indeed it may describe a black {\it dihole}, i.e., a pair of
static, oppositely-charged extremal black holes with regular horizons.
Motivated particularly by this new interpretation, in the present work, the
construction and extensive analysis of a solution in the context of the
Brans-Dicke-Maxwell theory representing a black dihole are attempted. It has
been known for some time that the solution-generating algorithm of Singh and
Rai produces stationary, axisymmetric, charged solutions in Brans-Dicke-Maxwell
theory from the known such solutions in Einstein-Maxwell theory. Thus this
algorithm of Singh and Rai's is employed in order to construct a Bonnor-type
magnetic black dihole solution in Brans-Dicke-Maxwell theory from the known
Bonnor solution in Einstein-Maxwell theory. The peculiar feature of the new
solution including internal infinity nature of the symmetry axis and its
stability issue have been discussed in full detail.Comment: 29 pages, Revtex4, Int. J. Mod. Phys. A (IJMPA), in pres
Implementing Public Health Regulations in Developing Countries: Lessons from the OECD Countries
The enforcement of public health standards is a common problem in many developing countries. Public health agencies lack sufficient resources and, too often, enforcement mechanisms rely on slow and erratic judicial systems. These limitations can make traditional public health regulations difficult to implement. In this article, we examine innovative approaches to the implementation of public health regulations that have emerged in recent years within OECD countries. These approaches aim to improve compliance with health standards, while reducing dependence on both the legal system and the administrative resources of public health agencies.
This article begins by discussing some traditional forms of public health regulations; these regulations include administrative searches and inspections as well as licensing measures. Within these traditional forms of public health regulation, there are several ways of improving compliance without substantially increasing administrative costs. These measures include public disclosure and several types of sanctions, which may escalate in severity as an actor continues to flout the public health regulation.
In addition to such traditional measures, we discuss more creative approaches to reducing dependence on the judiciary and reducing administrative costs. Dependence on the judiciary can be reduced through increased reliance on alternative dispute resolution methods, such as mediation and arbitrations, as well as through the use of a public health Ombudsman. Administrative costs could also potentially be reduced through the creative use of public-private cooperation measures, such as negotiated rulemaking and self-regulating codes of conduct. Developing countries may find some useful lessons in the innovative approaches described; however, these approaches will likely need to be adapted to fit each countryâs particular institutional setting
The benefits of physical education programs for students in special education programs with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Researchers have reported that exercise has had positive results on decreasing many behaviors for children with ADHD. The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of a structured physical education program for students in grades K-4 with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) on academic performance. This study utilized a single subject withdrawal design. Four participants attending a special day class in grades K-4 in Northern California participated in this study. Results of this study demonstrated that 30 minutes of structured physical activity had a positive impact on decreasing the number of off-task behaviors for all four of the participants. Future teachers and researchers working with students with ADHD should consider incorporating structured and consistent physical activity into their studentâs daily routines
Premature recruitment of oocyte pool and increased mTOR activity in Fmr1 knockout mice and reversal of phenotype with rapamycin.
While mutations in the fragile X mental retardation-1 (FMR1) gene are associated with varying reproductive outcomes in females, the effects of a complete lack of FMR1 expression are not known. Here, we studied the ovarian and reproductive phenotypes in an Fmr1 knockout (KO) mouse model and the role of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling. Breeding, histologic and mTOR signaling data were obtained at multiple time points in KO and wild type (WT) mice fed a control or rapamycin (mTOR inhibitor) diet. KO mice showed an earlier decline in ovarian reserve than WT mice with an increased proportion of activated follicles. mTOR and phosphorylated S6 kinase (p-S6K) levels, a measure of downstream mTOR signaling, were elevated in the KO ovaries. Rapamycin blocked these effects in KO mice, and increased the primordial follicle pool and age of last litter in WT mice. Our data demonstrates an early decline in reproductive capacity in Fmr1 KO mice and proposes that premature recruitment of the primordial pool via altered mTOR signaling may be the mechanism. Reversal of phenotypes and protein levels in rapamycin-treated KO mice, as well as increased reproductive lifespan of rapamycin-fed WT mice, suggest the mTOR pathway as a potential therapeutic target
The Stream-Stream Collision after the Tidal Disruption of a Star Around a Massive Black Hole
A star can be tidally disrupted around a massive black hole. It has been
known that the debris forms a precessing stream, which may collide with itself.
The stream collision is a key process determining the subsequent evolution of
the stellar debris: if the orbital energy is efficiently dissipated, the debris
will eventually form a circular disk (or torus). In this paper, we have
numerically studied such stream collision resulting from the encounter between
a 10^6 Msun black hole and a 1 Msun normal star with a pericenter radius of 100
Rsun. A simple treatment for radiative cooling has been adopted for both
optically thick and thin regions. We have found that approximately 10 to 15% of
the initial kinetic energy of the streams is converted into thermal energy
during the collision. The angular momentum of the incoming stream is increased
by a factor of 2 to 3, and such increase, together with the decrease in kinetic
energy, significantly helps the circularization process. Initial luminosity
burst due to the collision may reach as high as 10^41 erg/sec in 10^4 sec,
after which the luminosity increases again (but slowly this time) to a steady
value of a few 10^40 erg/sec in a few times of 10^5 sec. The radiation from the
system is expected to be close to Planckian with effective temperature of
\~10^5K.Comment: 19 pages including 12 figures; Accepted for publication in Ap
Constitutional Challenges to Public Health Orders in Federal Courts during the COVID-19 Pandemic
We examine federal judicial cases involving nonreligious civil-liberties challenges to COVID-19-related public health orders from the start of the pandemic in early 2020 to January 27, 2022. Consistent with the tradition of judicial deference toward states during emergencies, we find a high level of success for governments. However, governments did lose in 14.2% of the cases, and in those losses, there is evidence of partisan or ideological influence. Republican-appointed judges were more likely to rule in favor of challengers who brought claims based on gun rights and property rights, while Democratic- appointed judges were more likely to rule in favor of challengers who brought claims based on abortion rights. Judges also split along ideological lines with respect to challenges to federal eviction moratoriums and vaccine mandates. We conclude by arguing that courts should exercise greater deference to public health orders issued during emergencies
- âŠ