Analysis of The Town Officer (1791-1815): The earliest American treatise on municipal accounting?

Recent research has produced the earliest known treatise on Accounting written by an American. Samuel Freeman\u27s The Town Officer [1791] is significant in that it recommended double-entry fund accounting for municipalities. The paper analyzes and compares Freeman\u27s objectives of a plain and regular Method to modem municipal accounting concepts as articulated by the GASB. Additionally, the entries and the accounts recommended by Freeman are analyzed and compared to modern municipal accounting evidenced in current textbook material. These analyses show The Town Officer to be a significant contribution to accounting literature not only for its 1791 publication date, but also for the similarity of its content to present day municipal accounting objectives and requirements

Preaching in the Face of Poverty

The purpose of this paper is to reflect on Luke 16:19-24, using that text as the starting point for a discussion about preaching in the African American church’s context. It also examines how African American preaching can and should speak to the growing issue of poverty and income inequality in the United States in general, but more precisely within the African American community in particular. Ultimately, this paper suggests some specific ways that sermons can challenge both adherents to the Christian faith and leaders in various arenas of civil society to respond to this growing problem of poverty and income inequality

An analysis of The Town Officer (1791-1815): The earliest American treatise on municipal accounting?

Recent research has produced the earliest known treatise on Accounting written by an American. Samuel Freeman’s The Town Officer [1791] is significant in that it recommended double-entry fund accounting for municipalities. The paper analyzes and compares Freeman’s objectives of “a plain and regular Method” to modern municipal accounting concepts as articulated by the GASB. Additionally, the entries and the accounts recommended by Freeman are analyzed and compared to modern municipal accounting evidenced in current textbook material. These analyses show The Town Officer to be a significant contribution to accounting literature not only for its 1791 publication date, but also for the similarity of its content to present day municipal accounting objectives and requirements

The influence and impact of African American clergy on local elections.

Thesis (D. Min.)--Colgate Rochester Crozer Divinity School, 2018.This thesis seeks to examine the role of and influence of African American clergy and their impact on local elections. The thesis consists of practices and examples of past and current approaches to voter inspiration. To provide a theological foundation for this paper, I consider the relationship of Jesus and Herod prior to the crucifixion. I will also explore the relationship of Barack Obama with local Chicago pastor Jeremiah Wright. Both relationships will focus on the impact of local pastoral validation and support of potential candidacies in the political sphere. Those preachers that have engaged in political activity over the past fifty years in Baltimore, in particular, will be a primary focus. The history of black preachers in Baltimore have often had great influence on local elections and mirrors that of other similar communities. I will also, explore the impact of charitable choice language on the ability of black clergy to impose their prophetic advocacy on the public square. A decline in current political involvement at the local level will be linked to the expansion of public funding designated for faith-based initiatives. Souls to the Polls initiatives have proven to have a minimal effect on local elections even though many of the local clergy are aware of its goals and purpose. How might local black clergy better position themselves to more effectively engage local politics in order to have a greater impact on the outcomes of local elections. It is possible, and the city of Baltimore has a history that proves it to be so

Heightening Energetic Stress Selectively Targets LKB1-Deficient Non-Small Cell Lung Cancers.

Inactivation of the LKB1 tumor suppressor is a frequent event in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) leading to the activation of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and sensitivity to the metabolic stress inducer phenformin. In this study, we explored the combinatorial use of phenformin with the mTOR catalytic kinase inhibitor MLN0128 as a treatment strategy for NSCLC bearing comutations in the LKB1 and KRAS genes. NSCLC is a genetically and pathologically heterogeneous disease, giving rise to lung tumors of varying histologies that include adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas (SCC). We demonstrate that phenformin in combination with MLN0128 induced a significant therapeutic response in KRAS/LKB1-mutant human cell lines and genetically engineered mouse models of NSCLC that develop both adenocarcinomas and SCCs. Specifically, we found that KRAS/LKB1-mutant lung adenocarcinomas responded strongly to phenformin + MLN0128 treatment, but the response of SCCs to single or combined treatment with MLN0128 was more attenuated due to acquired resistance to mTOR inhibition through modulation of the AKT-GSK signaling axis. Combinatorial use of the mTOR inhibitor and AKT inhibitor MK2206 robustly inhibited the growth and viability of squamous lung tumors, thus providing an effective strategy to overcome resistance. Taken together, our findings define new personalized therapeutic strategies that may be rapidly translated into clinical use for the treatment of KRAS/LKB1-mutant adenocarcinomas and squamous cell tumors

Heightening Energetic Stress Selectively Targets LKB1-Deficient Non-Small Cell Lung Cancers.

Inactivation of the LKB1 tumor suppressor is a frequent event in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) leading to the activation of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and sensitivity to the metabolic stress inducer phenformin. In this study, we explored the combinatorial use of phenformin with the mTOR catalytic kinase inhibitor MLN0128 as a treatment strategy for NSCLC bearing comutations in the LKB1 and KRAS genes. NSCLC is a genetically and pathologically heterogeneous disease, giving rise to lung tumors of varying histologies that include adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas (SCC). We demonstrate that phenformin in combination with MLN0128 induced a significant therapeutic response in KRAS/LKB1-mutant human cell lines and genetically engineered mouse models of NSCLC that develop both adenocarcinomas and SCCs. Specifically, we found that KRAS/LKB1-mutant lung adenocarcinomas responded strongly to phenformin + MLN0128 treatment, but the response of SCCs to single or combined treatment with MLN0128 was more attenuated due to acquired resistance to mTOR inhibition through modulation of the AKT-GSK signaling axis. Combinatorial use of the mTOR inhibitor and AKT inhibitor MK2206 robustly inhibited the growth and viability of squamous lung tumors, thus providing an effective strategy to overcome resistance. Taken together, our findings define new personalized therapeutic strategies that may be rapidly translated into clinical use for the treatment of KRAS/LKB1-mutant adenocarcinomas and squamous cell tumors