Honeypots and honeynets: issues of privacy

Honeypots and honeynets are popular tools in the area of network security and network forensics. The deployment and usage of these tools are influenced by a number of technical and legal issues, which need to be carefully considered. In this paper, we outline the privacy issues of honeypots and honeynets with respect to their technical aspects. The paper discusses the legal framework of privacy and legal grounds to data processing. We also discuss the IP address, because by EU law, it is considered personal data. The analysis of legal issues is based on EU law and is supported by discussions on privacy and related issues

Culture of <i>Enteromorpha flexuosa</i> (Wulf.) J.Ag.(Chlorophyceae) in outdoor pool

212-218A technique for a large scale outdoor culture of E. flexuosa in plastic pools (capacity of 7,000 1 and 7.07 m2 surface area) was standardized and various parameters for maximum growth were studied. Maximum growth was obtained when (i) nylon threads were seeded with 10 ml swarmer suspension of 200 ppm turbidity (7 cm OD) diluted to 200 ml;(ii)plants were maintained floating near surface waters and up to depths of 10 to 15 cm; (iii) seawater enriched with NaNO3 or NH4NO3 (7 mg N.I-1) and Na2HPO4.2H2O (1mg P.I-1)and micronutrients; NaNO3 was used during early growth stages while NH4NO3 was used later on; and (iv) temperature was maintained between 17 ᵒ and 32 ᵒ C and solar irradiance 1,100 µ Em-2.s-1. Under the above conditions, biomass obtained was 996 to 1,350 g (fresh) or 132.8 to 95.5 g (dry) m-2 area; 283 to 382 g (fresh) or 35 to 26.7 g(dry) m-1 length of nylon thread; and 4.4 to 5.15 g (fresh) 1 -1 or 0.54 to 0.36 g (dry) 1-1 of seawater. Increase in fresh weight was 26.5 to 21.6% day-1 within 33 to 38 days. The results indicate that the alga can be cultivated by this technique throughout the year

Culture of marine red alga Kappaphycus striatum (Schmitz) Doty on the Saurashtra region, west-coast of India

24-31Apical fragments 1, 2 and 3 cm long of K. striatum were ideal as starting seed material for culture; in laboratory, outdoor and field conditions, respectively. Vertically excised fragments through medullary tissue yielded maximum vegetative seed material and biomass. Initial wet weight versus culture volume ratio (g:l) for maximum growth, was 1:6.25. Comparatively high growth of the alga in outdoor culture was observed when it was planted in February and June at 23 degrees to 30 degrees C temperature, and in enriched seawater which was renewed at 15 days intervals. Continuous exposure to low temperature between 13 degrees and 23 degrees C and above 30 degrees C adversely affected the growth of the alga. Nearly, 360 g wet wt. m(-2) area representing 1.4 g.l(-1) biomass was produced in bench scale outdoor cultures in tank. Maximum growth of the alga in the tide pools of the sea was recorded at 0.1 m below the surface of the pool water, where it was covered by a water column of 0.1 m to 0.25 m during lowest low water of spring tides and 2.5 m to 3.9 m (3.4 +/- 0.4 m) during highest,high water of neap to spring tides. The alga produced maximum biomass of 4217% over initial with growth rate 2.5% to 7.17% d(-1) during December to March. Coral stones were better substratum for firm attachment of this alga. During March, 21% of the liberated carpospores and 51.5% of the liberated tetraspores germinated. The tetraspore germination was like that of Gelidium

Swarmer production and cultivation of <i>Ulva fasciata</i> delile in intertidal regions at Okha, West Coast of India

217-219Profuse production of swarmers in U. fasciata was near new and full moon periods, being more near full moon than new moon. Production of spores started when moon passes equator and ended when it attains last quarter position. Field cultivation of this alga was carried out using artificially seeded nets along the coast of Okha, Gujarat, India. Maximum biomass (829.9 g.m-2 fresh or 190.76 g.m-2 dry weight) was achieved at 2.2 m level during the 11th week of growth, while minimum biomass (4.4.20 g.m-2 fresh or 93.81 g.m-2 dry weight) was observed on the net at 0 m level. Good growth and yield of alga were dependent on the level at which the net was planted. For successful field cultivation of this alga, an average exposure of 7-8 h and 23ᵒ to 24ᵒC seawater and air temperatures were important

Effect of nitrogen sources on the growth and bioaccumualtion of nitrogen in <span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-IN; mso-fareast-language:EN-IN;mso-bidi-language:HI" lang="EN-IN">marine red alga <i>Kappaphycus striatum </i>(Rhodophyta, Solieriaceae) in culture</span>

55-59Kappaphycus striatum (Schmitz) Doty (=Eucheuma striatum Schmitz) was cultured in the laboratory. The natural seawater -was supplimented with 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 mg N l-1 from NaNO3, NH4NO3, (NH4)2SO4 and urea separately. In these cultures 0.25 mg P l-1 as superphosphate and mironutrients were added except in control. Effects of different concentrations of nitrogen from different sources after 60 days showed significant increase in wet weight (at 1 % level) in cultures supplied with 1 to 3 mg N l-1 from (NH4)2SO4  and 3 to 5 mg N l-1 from NH4NO3. However, (NH4)2SO4 was more effective than NH4NO3. Maximum wet weight was obtained in 1 mg N l-1 from (NH4)2SO4 Percentage dry weight of the alga was maximum at 1 mg N l-1 supplied from each of the nitrogen sources separately. Urea was found effective at higher concentrations 5 to 9 mg N l-1. The bioaccumulation of total nitrogen content of K. striatum increased with increasing concentration of each of the nitrogen sources in the culture media. It was higher in the plants supplied with NH4NO3or (NH4)2SO4 than those supplied with NaNO3 or in control. Bioaccumulation of nitrogen in K. striatum in different treatments ranged from 0.57% to 4.99%. However, in cultures supplied with (NH4)2SO4, the critical concentration of nitrogen varied from 1.91 % to 2.53%, observed at 1 to 3 mg N l-1 respectively. In the cultures supplied with (NH4)2SO4, maximum growth and uptake of PO4-P and NH4-N was observed.</span

Water soluble polysaccharides of marine algal species of <i style="">Ulva</i> (Ulvales, Chlorophyta) of Indian waters

166-172 Cold and hot water extracts of four different species of Ulva viz. U. reticulata, U. lactuca, U. rigida and U. fasciata were studied for their polysaccharide (PS) contents. In both the cold (CWE) and hot water (HWE) extracts relatively higher yield of polysaccharides were obtained in Ulva fasciata (6.5 and 16% respectively). Ulva lactuca was found to contain higher amounts of protein (33.1% in CWE), uronic acid (35.7% in HWE) and sulfate (23.8% in HWE). Cold water extracts were found to be enriched with hexose sugars, comprising a part of structural polysaccharide, whereas the hot water extracts were rich in rhamnose, xylose as well as glucose. The average molecular weight of these polymers were found to be in the range 1.14 to >2.0x106 Da. Seasonal variation of PS of U. fasciata were also studied alongside. For this, cold and hot water soluble polysaccharides (PS) were isolated separately from the samples of Ulva fasciata Delile, collected monthly from a single location during the season of algal growth (September-March) of the year 1995-96 from the west coast of India. Yield (17-21%) and viscosity (203 247 cps) of HWE were high during the active period of growth (October-February) of algae. Given the abundance of Ulva species in Indian waters coupled with the potential utilities of their polysaccharides, the results obtained in this investigation would be useful in product development and bioprospecting strategies. </smarttagtype

<smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="country-region"><smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="place"> Sulphated galactans of marine red alga <i style="">Laurencia</i> spp. (Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta) from the west coast of India</smarttagtype></smarttagtype>

305-309Sulphated galactans were isolated from four different species of Laurencia (L. papillosa, L. cruciata, L. pedicularioides, L. majuscula) from Indian waters. The crude sulphated polysaccharide (SPS) extracts contained ash (16-18%), moisture (14-18%), sugar (44-53%), sulphate (12-18%), protein (2-6%), 3,6-anhydrogalactose (14-27%) and uronic acid (4-9%). Crude extracts were chromatoghaphed on DEAE cellulose column and major fractions (0.5 M NaCl fraction) were characterized by GC-MS and 13C-NMR studies. Agarose-2-sulphate unit was identified in all the four polysaccharides samples. Laurencia papillosa, L. cruciata and L. pedicularioides SPS were found to be of similar type having 2-O-methy-3,6-anhydro-L-galactose and agaran 6¢-sulphate (porphyran) units. Agarobiose and agarose-6-sulphate were detected in L. majuscula. Identification and chemical nature of these sulphated polysaccharides in the Laurencia spp. of Indian waters are of chemotaxonomic significance in view of their potential applications as agaroid