‘‘The Soldiers Came to the House’’: Young Children’s Responses to The Colour of Home

This article begins by reflecting on the present refugee crisis and its relevance to children in the UK. It identifies the need for teaching about the refugee experience to young children and argues that literature can provide a conduit for this. Sincethemillenniumtherehasbeenarapidincreaseinthenumberofbookspublished forchildren whichtake thisastheir theme, aimed atever-youngerreaders.Takingasa case study The Colour of Home by Mary Hoffman, a picturebook commonly used in lower primary classrooms, the article considers how this text promotes understanding and validates the circumstances of refugees. It closely examines the motivations and aims of the writer, how the book was mediated by teachers in the primary classroom, and how refugee and non-refugee children read and responded to it. Findings are presented from an interview with Mary Hoffman herself, juxtaposed with data from threeclassroomssuggestingthatpupilsgainedvaluableinsightintoacomplicatedand controversial issue. However the research concludes that viewing children through a refugee/non-refugee binary was reductive in not recognising the multi-layered nuances of meaning which were constructed by young readers who brought to bear a wide variety of individual life and family experiences. Furthermore, teachers in the study played a powerful role in mediating the texts when sharing them in the classroom, and devised a selection of stimulating resources to provoke reader response in terms of empathy, ‘‘social action’’, and some critical literacy

Effect of double-layer application on dentin bond durability of onestep self-etch adhesives

none6siPurpose: The aim of this in vitro study was 1) to analyze the influence of a double-layer application technique of four one-step self-etch adhesive systems on dentin and 2) to determine its effect on the stability of the adhesive interfaces stored under different conditions. Materials and Methods: Four different onestep self-etch adhesives were selected for the study (iBondSE, Clearfil S3 Bond, XenoV+, and Scotchbond Universal). Adhesives were applied according to manufacturers' instructions or with a double-layer application technique (without light curing of the first layer). After bonding, resin-dentin specimens were sectioned for microtensile bond strength testing in accordance with the nontrimming technique and divided into 3 subgroups of storage: a) 24 hours (immediate bond strength, T0), b) six months (T6) in artificial saliva at 37°C, or c) five hours in 10 % NaOCl at room temperature. After storage, specimens were stressed to failure. Fracture mode was assessed under a light microscope. Results: At T 0, iBond SE showed a significant increase in microtensile bond strength when the double-application technique was applied. All adhesive systems showed reduced bond strengths after six months of storage in artificial saliva and after storage in 10% NaOCl for five hours; however at T6, iBond SE, Clearfil S3 Bond, and XenoV+ showed significantly higher microtensile bond strength results for the double-application technique compared with the single-application technique. Scotchbond Universal showed no difference between single- or double-application, irrespective of the storage conditions. Conclusion: The results of this study show that improvements in bond strength of one-step self-etch adhesives by using the double-application technique are adhesive dependent. ©Operative Dentistry, 2014.mixedTaschner, M; Kümmerling, M.; Lohbauer, U.; Breschi, L.; Petschelt, A.; Frankenberger, R.Taschner, M; Kümmerling, M.; Lohbauer, U.; Breschi, L.; Petschelt, A.; Frankenberger, R

Telling Stories Through Space. Landscapes, Maps, and Architecture in Peter Sís’ Picture Books

Children’s literature is rich in narrative and iconic references to space. By relating with children’s real spatial experience, these representations certainly assume a significant role in the construction of the idea of space and living in these young readers. Picture books are a basic source for childhood education in spatial and architectural thinking. In recent times, many disciplines, especially in the fields of literary analysis and geography, have turned their attention towards the matter, while internal approaches within the disciplines of architecture, urban studies and the specific area of the representation of space are much rarer. The work of the Czechoslovak artist Peter Sís constitutes an interesting field of research within this overview. His books, in fact, present an extraordinary repertoire of spatial representations and bear witness to a rare degree of attention towards geographic and architectural perspectives. His illustrations demonstrate a knowledgeable and accurate use of the codified forms of spatial representation of the various scales and their continuous personal and expressive reinterpretation. The present study therefore intends to inquire into the issue by referring to existing literature and contributing to the disciplines of architecture and studies on design and representation