A Participatory Research Approach to Understanding the Experiences of Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME) Autistic Young People

Autism is no longer considered a rare condition and is thought to affect one in 160 children worldwide (World Health Organisation, 2019), irrespective of culture and ethnic or racial groups (Tincani et al., 2009). While the growth of autism research has been exponential, the majority of existing research exploring the experiences of autistic young people is based on data from largely White ethnic backgrounds (Marks et al., 2000). There is a growing recognition that ‘race’ is more salient for BAME individuals therefore there is a need to study autism in BAME communities (Dovidio et al., 2009). The purpose of this study was to explore the views of BAME autistic young people using a participatory approach. The study aimed to (1) empower a BAME autistic young person as a co-researcher, and (2) explore the lived experiences of four BAME autistic young people. Using Aldridge’s (2017) participation model, this research was planned and delivered alongside a co-researcher. Collaboratively the researcher and co-researcher identified a research topic that was of importance to the co-researcher’s lived experience. Following on from this, research questions and a schedule for a semi-structured interview were developed in collaboration. Interviews were then carried out with four BAME autistic young people with the aim of eliciting their experiences of being autistic and BAME. The researcher and co-researcher analysed the data using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. This produced themes at an individual level as well as across-cases. Four superordinate themes emerged at group level based on participants’ experiences. Participants highlighted how The BAME communities’ constructions of autism often resulted in negative perceptions of their diagnosis due to lack of understanding and knowledge of autism. Participants also highlighted Self and Autism and the impact of their diagnosis on their self-concept. Relationships with peers emerged as a key area within the research as friends were found to be both a barrier and an asset to the participants’ sense of belonging. The final theme, The importance of positive relationships at the different levels highlighted friends, family and LSAs as support systems that have positively contributed to the experiences of BAME autistic young people. While there are similarities between the experiences of BAME autistic young people and findings from the literature review, the current study highlights that autistic young people from BAME communities have experiences that are unique to them as result of their cultural and racial identity. The research findings have implication for educational psychologists and school staff supporting BAME autistic young people including providing support that goes beyond autism and that encapsulates the cultural and racial identities of BAME autistic young people. The researcher and co-researcher hope that this study will contribute towards social justice by shifting the nexus of power as well as enabling participation and giving a voice to a marginalised group who have largely been neglected by autism research. Additionally, by describing and documenting how autistic young people can be involved in research successfully, the researcher hopes that it will contribute to increasing the participation of autistic young people in research, bridging the gap between theory and practice

The Study of Carbon Nano-particles (CNPs) & Film Thickness & Temperature Effect on the Electrical Properties of Poly (3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl)

A thin films of a neat and a doped of P3HT in (1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%) CNPs concentrations were fabricated by a spin coating method in multi revolution speeds (1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000)rpm on glass substrate for thin film thickness measurement, and other films were fabricated on aluminum interdigitated finger electrodes of ceramic substrates for I-V characteristics measurement. The film thickness of the fabricated thin films of neat and doped P3HT was found in direct proportional to CNPs concentration in every revolution speed, and in reciprocal proportional to the revolution speed for every CNPs concentration. I-V characteristics were measured at (303, 313, 323, 333, 343)ᴼK temperature for all thin films in the voltage range to equal or less than (10 V), which presents an ohmic behavior of all samples. The surface electrical conductivity (σs) of samples was calculated from a slope of ohmic lines, the results shows an electrical semiconductor behavior for all neat and doped P3HT deposited films. On the other hand, an increasing of a surface conductivity of samples with an increase of CNPs doping concentration from (0%) to (5%) in every temperature and revolution speed. Its observed from the results that the electrical conductivity was decreased with film thickness increasing for neat and doped P3HT films in any one of temperature range. An activation energy (Ea) of the fabricated thin films was calculated from the slope of linear relation between conductivity an inverse of temperature, its observed that the activation energy decreasing for doped case P3HT in comparison with neat polymer, and its decreasing with an increase of the CNPs doping ratio. Also its clear that activation energy, increasing with increasing film thickness of the neat and doped P3HT

Behavioral Learning of Aircraft Landing Sequencing Using a Society of Probabilistic Finite State Machines

Air Traffic Control (ATC) is a complex safety critical environment. A tower controller would be making many decisions in real-time to sequence aircraft. While some optimization tools exist to help the controller in some airports, even in these situations, the real sequence of the aircraft adopted by the controller is significantly different from the one proposed by the optimization algorithm. This is due to the very dynamic nature of the environment. The objective of this paper is to test the hypothesis that one can learn from the sequence adopted by the controller some strategies that can act as heuristics in decision support tools for aircraft sequencing. This aim is tested in this paper by attempting to learn sequences generated from a well-known sequencing method that is being used in the real world. The approach relies on a genetic algorithm (GA) to learn these sequences using a society Probabilistic Finite-state Machines (PFSMs). Each PFSM learns a different sub-space; thus, decomposing the learning problem into a group of agents that need to work together to learn the overall problem. Three sequence metrics (Levenshtein, Hamming and Position distances) are compared as the fitness functions in GA. As the results suggest, it is possible to learn the behavior of the algorithm/heuristic that generated the original sequence from very limited information

A comprehensive probabilistic analysis of SIR-type epidemiological models based on full randomized Discrete-Time Markov Chain formulation with applications

[EN] This paper provides a comprehensive probabilistic analysis of a full randomization of approximate SIR-type epidemiological models based on discrete-time Markov chain formulation. The randomization is performed by assuming that all input data (initial conditions, the contagion, and recovering rates involved in the transition matrix) are random variables instead of deterministic constants. In the first part of the paper, we determine explicit expressions for the so called first probability density function of each subpopulation identified as the corresponding states of the Markov chain (susceptible, infected, and recovered) in terms of the probability density function of each input random variable. Afterwards, we obtain the probability density functions of the times until a given proportion of the population remains susceptible, infected, and recovered, respectively. The theoretical analysis is completed by computing explicit expressions of important randomized epidemiological quantities, namely, the basic reproduction number, the effective reproduction number, and the herd immunity threshold. The study is conducted under very general assumptions and taking extensive advantage of the random variable transformation technique. The second part of the paper is devoted to apply our theoretical findings to describe the dynamics of the pandemic influenza in Egypt using simulated data excerpted from the literature. The simulations are complemented with valuable information, which is seldom displayed in epidemiological models. In spite of the nonlinear mathematical nature of SIR epidemiological model, our results show a strong agreement with the approximation via an appropriate randomized Markov chain. A justification in this regard is discussed.Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad, Grant/Award Number: MTM2017-89664-P; Generalitat Valenciana, Grant/Award Number: APOSTD/2019/128; Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad, Grant/Award Number: MTM2017-89664-PCortés, J.; El-Labany, S.; Navarro-Quiles, A.; Selim, MM.; Slama, H. (2020). A comprehensive probabilistic analysis of SIR-type epidemiological models based on full randomized Discrete-Time Markov Chain formulation with applications. Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences. 43(14):8204-8222. https://doi.org/10.1002/mma.6482S820482224314Hamra, G., MacLehose, R., & Richardson, D. (2013). Markov Chain Monte Carlo: an introduction for epidemiologists. International Journal of Epidemiology, 42(2), 627-634. doi:10.1093/ije/dyt043Becker, N. (1981). A General Chain Binomial Model for Infectious Diseases. Biometrics, 37(2), 251. doi:10.2307/2530415Allen, L. J. S. (2010). An Introduction to Stochastic Processes with Applications to Biology. doi:10.1201/b12537Hethcote, H. W. (2000). The Mathematics of Infectious Diseases. SIAM Review, 42(4), 599-653. doi:10.1137/s0036144500371907Brauer, F., & Castillo-Chávez, C. (2001). Mathematical Models in Population Biology and Epidemiology. Texts in Applied Mathematics. doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-3516-1Cortés, J.-C., Navarro-Quiles, A., Romero, J.-V., & Roselló, M.-D. (2018). Some results about randomized binary Markov chains: theory, computing and applications. International Journal of Computer Mathematics, 97(1-2), 141-156. doi:10.1080/00207160.2018.1440290Cortés, J.-C., Navarro-Quiles, A., Romero, J.-V., & Roselló, M.-D. (2017). Randomizing the parameters of a Markov chain to model the stroke disease: A technical generalization of established computational methodologies towards improving real applications. Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, 324, 225-240. doi:10.1016/j.cam.2017.04.040Casabán, M.-C., Cortés, J.-C., Romero, J.-V., & Roselló, M.-D. (2015). Probabilistic solution of random SI-type epidemiological models using the Random Variable Transformation technique. Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation, 24(1-3), 86-97. doi:10.1016/j.cnsns.2014.12.016Casabán, M.-C., Cortés, J.-C., Navarro-Quiles, A., Romero, J.-V., Roselló, M.-D., & Villanueva, R.-J. (2016). A comprehensive probabilistic solution of random SIS-type epidemiological models using the random variable transformation technique. Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation, 32, 199-210. doi:10.1016/j.cnsns.2015.08.009Slama, H., Hussein, A., El-Bedwhey, N. A., & Selim, M. M. (2019). An approximate probabilistic solution of a random SIR-type epidemiological model using RVT technique. Applied Mathematics and Computation, 361, 144-156. doi:10.1016/j.amc.2019.05.019Slama, H., El-Bedwhey, N. A., El-Depsy, A., & Selim, M. M. (2017). Solution of the finite Milne problem in stochastic media with RVT Technique. The European Physical Journal Plus, 132(12). doi:10.1140/epjp/i2017-11763-6Kegan, B., & West, R. W. (2005). Modeling the simple epidemic with deterministic differential equations and random initial conditions. Mathematical Biosciences, 195(2), 179-193. doi:10.1016/j.mbs.2005.02.004Dorini, F. A., Cecconello, M. S., & Dorini, L. B. (2016). On the logistic equation subject to uncertainties in the environmental carrying capacity and initial population density. Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation, 33, 160-173. doi:10.1016/j.cnsns.2015.09.009Van den Driessche, P. (2017). Reproduction numbers of infectious disease models. Infectious Disease Modelling, 2(3), 288-303. doi:10.1016/j.idm.2017.06.002Heffernan, J. ., Smith, R. ., & Wahl, L. . (2005). Perspectives on the basic reproductive ratio. Journal of The Royal Society Interface, 2(4), 281-293. doi:10.1098/rsif.2005.0042Khalil, K. M., Abdel-Aziz, M., Nazmy, T. T., & Salem, A.-B. M. (2012). An Agent-Based Modeling for Pandemic Influenza in Egypt. Intelligent Systems Reference Library, 205-218. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-25755-1_1

Suitability of spiders and rove beetles as indicators for assessment of effects of cultivation-rearrangement from conventional to ecological farming

Im Gebiet des Ökohofes Seeben ließen sich im Verlauf von 4 Jahren arten- und individuenreiche Webspinnen- und Kurzflüglerzönosen registrieren (LÜBKE-AL HUSSEIN & AL HUSSEIN 1999; AL HUSSEIN 2002). Zu Beginn der Untersuchungen wurde die Arbeitshypothese formuliert: Die Fauna eines Agrar-Ökosystems wird durch die Intensität der Landbewirtschaftung sowie durch landschaftsräumliche Gliederung des Gebietes entscheidend geprägt. Die Umstellung eines bislang konventionell wirtschaftenden Betriebes auf ökologischen Landbau und die damit einhergehende Strukturierung ausgeräumter Flächen durch Feldraine, Hecken oder auch nur den streifenweisen Anbau mehrerer Kulturen auf einem Großschlag bewirkt eine Erhöhung der Faunendiversität. Die wachsende Diversität der Tierwelt begünstigt selbstregulative Prozesse der Agrozönose und wirkt dadurch stabilisierend auf das Ökosystem. Das Forschungsvorhaben kann als ein "Langzeit-Experiment" aufgefaßt werden, wobei die Anfangsbedingungen vor der Betriebsumstellung als referenzzustand dienen (HÜLSBERGEN & DIEPENBROCK, 2000). Webspinnen und Kurzflügelkäfer zählen zu den arten- und individuenreichsten Tiergruppen der Agrarlandschaft. Sie leben fast ausnahmslos räuberisch und spielen als Regulatoren von Schadinsektenpopulationen besonders im ökologischen Landbau eine bedeutende Rolle. Aufgrund ihrer Sensibilität gegenüber Umwelteinflüssen eignen sie sich als Indikatoren. Insbesondere Webspinnen werden für derartige Untersuchungen herangezogen. Einige können sogar als Zeigerarten angesehen werden. Bei vorliegenden Erhebungen galt es u. a. zu prüfen, inwieweit die weniger untersuchten Kurzflügler im Vergleich zu den Webspinnen zu derartigen Fragestellungen herangezogen werden können.From 1994 to 1997 investigations have been carried out on fields of the “Ökohof Seeben” in the North of Halle (Saale) refering to long-term effects of ecological farming on spiders and rove beetles. Two fields were selected in the northern part of the eco-farm representing different types of landscape. The question was whether ecological farming results in an increasing biodiversity over longer periods. For sampling of these arthropods pitfall traps were used. As a whole the communities of spiders and rove beetles were rich in species and individuals. The rearrangement from conventional to ecological agriculture did not provide the expected increase of biodiversity, but it showed positive tendencies such as the homogeneity of dominance structures and an increase of the number of species larger in size. The investigated parameters were influenced through different factors, e.g. the spiders more by field size and rove beetles especially by crop rotation. The occurrence of rove beetles depends on their high substrate specification and the existence of ecological niches, too. Such as these investigations should be carried out as long-term-experiments, because shorter experiments may lead to misinterpretations