Evaluation of adaptive immune responses and heterologous protection induced by inactivated bluetongue virus vaccines.

&lt;p&gt;Eradication of bluetongue virus is possible, as has been shown in several European countries. New serotypes have emerged, however, for which there are no specific commercial vaccines. This study addressed whether heterologous vaccines would help protect against 2 serotypes. Thirty-seven sheep were randomly allocated to 7 groups of 5 or 6 animals. Four groups were vaccinated with commercial vaccines against BTV strains 2, 4, and 9. A fifth positive control group was given a vaccine against BTV-8. The other 2 groups were unvaccinated controls. Sheep were then challenged by subcutaneous injection of either BTV-16 (2 groups) or BTV-8 (5 groups). Taken together, 24/25 sheep from the 4 experimental groups developed detectable antibodies against the vaccinated viruses. Furthermore, sheep that received heterologous vaccines showed significantly reduced viraemia and clinical scores for BTV-16 when compared to unvaccinated controls. Reductions in clinical signs and viraemia among heterologously vaccinated sheep were not as common after challenge with BTV-8. This study shows that heterologous protection can occur, but that it is difficult to predict if partial or complete protection will be achieved following inactivated-BTV vaccination. &lt;/p&gt;</p

De la page blanche aux salles obscures

L’adaptation filmique a toujours été essentielle au septième art, qu’il s’agisse du recours aux textes littéraires classiques utilisés dès les premiers films pour donner au nouveau média une aura de respectabilité, de l’utilisation des romans noirs pour populariser la cinématographie des expressionnistes allemands, ou de la pratique actuelle d’adaptations visant à capter un public déjà acquis (par exemple les adeptes des romans de Jane Austen, ou de best-sellers comme Twilight ou des jeux vidéo comme Doom). Toutefois, l’adaptation a souvent été dénigrée : les amateurs des textes-sources déplorent le manque de fidélité du film, alors que les adeptes d’un cinéma « pur » regrettent que ce souci de fidélité aboutisse à un film « littéraire » qui n’explore pas ses possibilités proprement filmiques. Au-delà de ces clivages, cet ouvrage cherche à présenter les enjeux du phénomène : il réunit quinze spécialistes qui traitent des différents aspects de l’adaptation : ses raisons économiques, sa problématisation de la théorie de l’auteur chère à la Nouvelle Vague, et surtout, ce que l’étude comparative du texte et son image peuvent s’apporter mutuellement en termes de supplément de sens. Le livre se conclut avec trois articles qui proposent une méthodologie de l’étude de l’adaptation, incitant le lecteur à son tour à se livrer à des études d’adaptations

Application of the Nagoya Protocol to veterinary pathogens: concerns for the control of foot-and-mouth disease.

The Nagoya Protocol is an international agreement adopted in 2010 (and entered into force in 2014) which governs access to genetic resources and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits from their utilisation. The agreement aims to prevent misappropriation of genetic resources and, through benefit sharing, create incentives for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity. While the equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the utilisation of genetic resources is a widely accepted concept, the way in which the provisions of the Nagoya Protocol are currently being implemented through national access and benefit-sharing legislation places significant logistical challenges on the control of transboundary livestock diseases such as foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). Delays to access FMD virus isolates from the field disrupt the production of new FMD vaccines and other tailored tools for research, surveillance and outbreak control. These concerns were raised within the FMD Reference Laboratory Network and were explored at a recent multistakeholder meeting hosted by the European Commission for the Control of FMD. The aim of this paper is to promote wider awareness of the Nagoya Protocol, and to highlight its impacts on the regular exchange and utilisation of biological materials collected from clinical cases which underpin FMD research activities, and work to develop new epidemiologically relevant vaccines and other diagnostic tools to control the&nbsp;disease.</p