Spruce Budworm Egg Mass Density on Balsam Fir and White Spruce: Low Population Levels (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

As part of a study to develop improved foliage sampling methods for spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), egg masses, two balsam fir (four in one stand), Abies balsamea, and two white spruce, Picea glauca, trees were chosen from each of five spruce- fir stands in Michigan\u27s Upper Peninsula in 1980. All stands had very low to low population densities. Each tree was completely enumerated so that the number of new egg masses, foliage surface area, and egg mass density could be determined for the entire tree, three crown classes, four quadrants, and the tree top. Results indicated (1) considerable tree-to- tree and stand-to-stand variation; (2) no meaningful or consistent differences among quad- rants within or between species; (3) the average density in white spruce trees was 3.2 times larger than that in balsam fir trees; (4) the tree-la-tree variation of density in white spruce trees was 8.4 times larger than that in balsam fir trees; (5) densities in the mid-crown, upper-crown, and tree top are considerably higher than that in the lower-crown for both species; the relative differences for balsam fir are about twice that of white spruce; and (6) on the average, density at mid-crown was close to that of the entire tree for balsam fir, but density at mid-crown was 17.9% lower than that of the entire tree for white spruce. These results have important implications to the development of sampling plans for estimating egg mass density in spruce-fir stands

Regression Equations and Table for Estimating Numbers of Eggs in Jack Pine Budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Egg Masses in Michigan

Three simple linear regression equations were developed to estimate the numbers of eggs in jack pine budworm, Choristoneura pinus pinus, egg masses in Michigan. One equation was developed for each of 2-row, 2-row +, and 3-row egg masses. A table of estimated numbers of eggs per egg mass is given for each of the three row types for egg mass lengths from 1 to 25 nun

Considerations When Sampling Spruce Budworm Egg Masses on Balsam Fir and White Spruce in the Lake States: Low Population Levels

One cluster each of balsam fir, Abies balsamea, and white spruce, Picea glauca, trees was chosen from each of five stands of spruce-fir in Michigan\u27s Upper Peninsula. The foliage surface area and the number of new egg masses of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana, were determined for each branch and the top of each tree. The effects, in terms of the bias and the variance of the estimator, of sampling in different parts of the tree and with various size branches were determined. Factors that the sampler should consider in developing sampling plans to estimate spruce bud worm egg mass densities in mixed spruce-fir stands were identified. Egg mass density and its per branch variance may be considerably higher in white spruce than in balsam fir. Sampling whole feasible branches at mid-crown yielded, in general, the most precise and accurate estimates of tree egg mass density

Reported Animal Rabies in Arkansas: 1950-1981

Reported animal rabies in Arkansas is reviewed for the years 1950-81 . Total cases ranged from 44 in 1969 to 332 in 1979, with a mean of 154. Domestic animals accounted for 72.5% of the total cases until 1961-63 and then declined to 15.8% from 1964-81. This switch from domestic to wildlife rabies corresponded to a similar trend in nationally reported rabies and was probably due to increased public awareness and the vaccination of domestic dogs and cats. Over the 31 year period a total of 18 species of mammals has been implicated in reported rabies (individual species of foxes, bats and skunks have been grouped together). The four species accounting for the highest incidence are: skunks (34.5%), dogs (27.2%), foxes (15.8%) and cattle (13.9%). Between 1964-81, skunks accounted for 63.5% of total reported rabies; however, in recent years this percentage has increased to 80-90%

Regression Equations and Table for Estimating Numbers of Eggs in Jack Pine Budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Egg Masses in Michigan

Three simple linear regression equations were developed to estimate the numbers of eggs in spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana, egg masses in Michigan. One equation was developed for each of 2-row, 2- row + , and 3-row egg masses. A table of estimated numbers of eggs per egg mass is given for each of the three row types for egg mass lengths from 1 to 13 mm

If We Don\u27t Take Care of Young Lawyers, Who Will?

There are now more than 450,000 lawyers in this country, almost double the number of 20 years ago. The American Association of Law Schools estimates that the number of law student graduates averages about 34,000 a year. And the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the Department of Labor projects that there will be 26,400 new legal jobs each year until 1985. If law school enrollments stay at their current level, that would mean about 8,000 graduates each year would not be able to find a law-related job

A Directory of Policies on Arthropod Collecting on Public Lands

There are many local, state, and federal agencies with responsibilities for managing public lands. The availability of these lands for entomological research and collecting is determined in great part by the specific governmental charges for the management and use of the area; for example: preservation, recreation, or multiple-use resource management

The Selection of Tenured Astronomers in France

The organization of the recruitment of tenured astronomers and astrophysicists in France is presented and compared with the setup in other countries. The ages for getting tenure have increased from 27-28 in 1980 to 31 today. Foreign scientists constitute at least 11% of the recruits and the delay in their hiring is quantified. The large reliance on national tenure committees is justified, while the increased targeting of positions is questioned and a compromise proposed.Comment: Final refereed version. One sentence added plus several other modifications. 20 page

Sheppard V. Maxwell Revisted—Do the Traditional Rules Work for Nontraditional Media

This article appeared in The Court of Public Opinion: The Practice and Ethics of Trying Cases in the Media, an issue of Law and Contemporary Problems which examine the complicated, sometimes conflicting, constitutional, ethical, and practical considerations that can arise when a case draws the attention of the public and the media. Attorney and Professor Gary A. Hengstler grew up in a small town in Ohio and, as a boy of seven, can remember his family and friends being transfixed with the 1954 murder and trial. Here, Hengsler asks if the suggestions to control publicity that the Court made in Sheppard v. Maxwell are still effective, given the changes that have occurred in media