Display of Bombyx mori Alcohol Dehydrogenases on the Bacillus subtilis Spore Surface to Enhance Enzymatic Activity under Adverse Conditions

Alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs) are oxidoreductases catalyzing the reversible oxidation of alcohols to corresponding aldehydes or ketones accompanied by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) as coenzyme. ADHs attract major scientific and industrial interest for the evolutionary perspectives, afforded by their wide occurrence in nature, and for their use in industrial synthesis. However, the low activity of ADHs under extremes of pH and temperature often limits their application. To obtain ADH with high activity, in this study, we used Bombyx mori alcohol dehydrogenases (BmADH) as foreign gene and constructed a recombinant integrative plasmid pJS700-BmADH. This pJS700-BmADH was transformed into Bacillus subtilis by double cross-over and produced an amylase inactivated mutant. The fusion protein containing BmADH was expressed on the spore surface and recognized by BmADH-specific antibody. We also assayed the alcohol dehydrogenase activity of the fusion protein together with the native BmADH at different pH and temperature levels, which indicated the recombinant enzyme exhibits activity over wider ranges of temperature and pH than its native form, perhaps due to the resistance properties of B. subtilis spores against adverse conditions

Mała architektura sakralna w krajobrazie podkarpackiej wsi. Na przykładzie Czarnorzek i Wydrza

The characteristic feature of Polish rural landscape is the presence of wayside crosses and shrines which create the unusual atmosphere of countryside. They date back to the early years of Christianity in Poland. At the beginning they were built in former pagan places of worship. Wayside shrines have various architectural forms. In Sub-Carpathian region there are five basic types of wayside shrines: chapel shrine, cabinet shrine, wall shrine, column shrine and pedestal shrine. In those shrines, depending on type, sacred figures were placed in different places – as a crowning in cabinets or in niches?. The presence of shrines and crosses in the landscape of countryside is connected with their various functions. The most important was and still is the sacral function. The surrounding of shrines could be considered in spatial, symbolic and functional context. The examples of small sacral architecture in Sub-Carpathian villages are shrines situated in Czarnorzeki and Wydrze. In Czarnorzeki most common are stone column shrines and in Wydrze chapel shrines.Charakterystyczną cechą polskiego krajobrazu wiejskiego są przydrożne krzyże i kapliczki tworzące niezwykły klimat wsi. W subtelny sposób wpisują się one w krajobraz. Geneza powstawania kapliczek jest ściśle związana z obecnością religii chrześcijańskiej na terenie Polski. Przydrożne kapliczki przybierają różne formy architektoniczne. W krajobrazie Podkarpacia można wyróżnić pięć podstawowych typów kapliczek: domkowe, szafkowe, wnękowe, słupowe i postumentowe. Kapliczki te, w zależności od typu, najczęściej mieściły w sobie figury świętych lub były nimi zwieńczone. Obecność kapliczek i krzyży w krajobrazie wsi wiąże się z różnymi funkcjami jakie pełniły. Najważniejsza z nich to funkcja sakralna. Otoczenie małej architektury można rozpatrywać w kontekście przestrzennym, symbolicznym i funkcjonalnym. Przykładem są kapliczki znajdujące się na terenie dwóch małych miejscowości Czarnorzek i Wydrza. W Czarnorzekach spotkać można kapliczki słupowe wykonane z kamienia, w krajobrazie Wydrza przeważają kapliczki domkowe

Redundancja analityczna w systemach sterowania bezpilotowymi lub opcjonalnie pilotowanymi statkami powietrznymi

The article presents key properties of a module intended to estimate non-measurable state variables of an aircraft (afixed-wing aircraft). Sample calculations are applicable to the MP-02A Czajka light Optionally Piloted Vehicle (OPV). The quality of flight parameter values’ estimation is illustrated by comparing flight parameters of the MP-02A Czajka aircraft recorded during actual flight with estimated values of respective parameters calculated during simulation of selected sensor faults. This experiment allows to evaluate the usefulness of the analytical redundancy mechanism that determines attitude parameters (roll, pitch and heading angles) and navigational variables (airspeed, altitude and geographic coordinates).Artykuł przedstawia główne właściwości modułu estymacji niemierzalnych zmiennych stanu statku powietrznego (stałopłata). Przykładowe obliczenia dotyczą opcjonalnie sterowanego lekkiego samolotu MP-02A Czajka. Jakość oszacowania wartości parametrów lotu obrazuje porównanie zarejestrowanych w rzeczywistym locie parametrów lotu samolotu MP-02A Czajka oraz estymowanych wartości tych parametrów obliczonych dla przypadków symulacji uszkodzenia kolejnych czujników pomiarowych. Eksperyment pozwala ocenić użyteczność mechanizmu redundancji analitycznej dla wyznaczenia parametrów opisujących orientację przestrzenną (kąty przechylenia, pochylenia i kursu) oraz wielkości nawigacyjnych (prędkość i wysokość lotu oraz współrzędne geograficzne)

Concentrations of copper, zinc and manganese in potato tubers under the influence of herbicides

A field experiment was carried out in 2008−2010 at the Agricultural Experimental Farm of the University of Natural Sciences and Humanities in Siedlce, located in Zawady. The experiment was established on light loamy soil which belonged to a very good rye complex. The experiment was designed in a two-factor split-plot pattern with three replicates. The factors examined in the experiment included three cultivars of edible potatoes: Cekin, Satina, Tajfun, and five weed control methods: application of the following herbicides (mixed or alone) Command 480 EC, Command 480 EC and Dispersive Afalon 450 SC, Stomp 400 SC, Stomp 400 SC and Dispersive Afalon 450 SC, while the control consisted of mechanical weeding without chemical protection. The aim was to determine the influence of selected herbicides and their combinations (Command 480 EC, Command 480 EC and Dispersive Afalon 450 SC, Stomp 400 SC, Stomp 400 SC and Dispersive Afalon 450 SC) on the content of copper, zinc and manganese in three potato cultivars. Potato tubers were harvested at full maturity. Samples of potato tubers for chemical analyses were taken from plots during harvest. Microelements in the dry matter of potato tubers were determined by the AAS method. The content of copper was significantly dependent on the cultivars, weed control methods and weather conditions during the growing season. In contrast, concentrations of depended on the cultivars and meteorological conditions, whereas the content of manganese in potato tubers was strongly conditioned by genetic traits of the cultivars

The Reactivity of the Imine Bond within Polynuclear Nickel(II) Complexes

Three novel Ni complexes with the Schiff base ligand 2-methoxy-6-(E-2-pyridyliminomethyl)-phenol (L1) are described. In comparison with the similar 2-(pyridine-2-ylimino-methyl)phenol (pymp), the mode of coordination of L1 is altered due to the presence of methoxy substituent introducing the sterical hindrance. During the synthesis of the complexes, partial hydrolysis of the ligand was observed. Since such immediate hydrolysis of L1 was not detected during the reactions of Zn(II) and Cu(II) salts with L1, the DFT calculated structures of a series of similar Zn, Cu, Ni, and Co complexes with L1 are compared to account for the phenomenon