Translating it into real life: a qualitative study of the cognitions, barriers and supports for key obesogenic behaviors of parents of preschoolers

BACKGROUND: Little is known about preschool parents' cognitions, barriers, supports and modeling of key obesogenic behaviors, including breakfast, fruit and vegetable consumption, sugary beverage intake, feeding practices, portion sizes, active playtime, reduced screen-time, sleep and selection of child-care centers with characteristics that promote healthy behaviors. METHODS: Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine these factors via survey and focus groups among 139 parents of 2- to 5-year-old children. Standard content analysis procedures were used to identify trends and themes in the focus group data, and Analysis of Variance was used to test for differences between groups in the survey data. RESULTS: Results showed 80% of parents ate breakfast daily, consumed sugary beverages 2.7 ± 2.5SD days per week, and had at least two different vegetables and fruits an average of 5.2 ± 1.8SD and 4.6 ± 2.0SD days per week. Older parents and those with greater education drank significantly fewer sugary drinks. Parents played actively a mean 4.2 ± 2.2 hours/week with their preschoolers, who watched television a mean 2.4 ± 1.7 hours/day. Many parents reported having a bedtime routine for their preschooler and choosing childcare centers that replaced screen-time with active play and nutrition education. Common barriers to choosing healthful behaviors included lack of time; neighborhood safety; limited knowledge of portion size, cooking methods, and ways to prepare healthy foods or play active indoor games; the perceived cost of healthy options, and family members who were picky eaters. Supports for performing healthful behaviors included planning ahead, introducing new foods and behaviors often and in tandem with existing preferred foods and behaviors, and learning strategies from other parents. CONCLUSIONS: Future education programs with preschool parents should emphasize supports and encourage parents to share helpful strategies with each other.This item is part of the UA Faculty Publications collection. For more information this item or other items in the UA Campus Repository, contact the University of Arizona Libraries at [email protected]

Early Events in Virus Budding: Murine Leukemia Virus Envelope Glycoprotein-Core Protein Organization at the Cell Surface

Structurally, the murine leukemia virus consists of a core, which forms at the cell surface membrane, and an envelope, composed principally of host lipid and virus-specified glycoprotein, which is acquired as the core emerges through the cell membrane during budding. The core is composed of four proteins (p30, p15, p12, and p10), initially translated as part of larger precursor polypeptides, whereas the major virus surface glycoprotein, gp70, is initially part of a separate precursor, also containing a 15000 MW moiety (pl5E) which is highly hydrophobic and thought to be embedded within the membrane. Our present work is directed toward determining some of the associations which exist between these molecules just prior to, and at the onset of budding. We have previously demonstrated that the onset of the budding process is marked on the cell surface by the aggregation of 10nm particles (knobs) into small clusters (1). These knobs have been shown to consist of approximately three gp70 molecules, and to be dispersed on the generalized cell surface prior to budding (2, 3). As the budding process continues, the virus surface becomes increasingly covered with knobs, while the core components simultaneously aggregate at the subjacent cytoplasmic surface. We have verified the transmembrane associations of these viral components prior to budding by antibody-mediated ferritin labelings of the cell surface as well as of the cell interior. Employing NIH/3T3 cells infected with a temperature-sensitive mutant (ts25) of Rauscher murine leukemia virus and producing no virus at 39° although all necessary protein components are present, we have demonstrated that areas of the cell surface, which are heavily labeled using anti-gp70 serum, protrude slightly and overlie dense areas of the cytoplasm which, in turn, are labeled using anti-p30 serum.</jats:p

Geologic Map of the Little Horn Mountains 15' Quadrangle, Southwestern Arizona v. 2.0

Geologic map of the Little Horn Mountains of SW Arizona. Includes cross section and text report. This is a digital republication of a 1991 geologic map originally created by the Arizona Geological Survey with financial support from U.S. Geological Survey. Preparation for republication was conducted by students from the University of Arizona with financial support from the U.S. Geological Survey, National Geological and Geophysical Data Preservation Program (G23AP00215) and included the production of a new GIS geodatabase and a revised map layout. It is based on interpretations that were made from the data available at the time it was created. The AZGS does not guarantee this map or digital data to be free of errors nor assume liability for interpretations made from this map or digital data, or decisions based thereon. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of the U.S. Government.Documents in the AZGS Documents Repository collection are made available by the Arizona Geological Survey (AZGS) and the University Libraries at the University of Arizona. For more information about items in this collection, please contact [email protected]

Structure of and alterations to defective murine sarcoma virus particles lacking envelope proteins and core polyprotein cleavage

HTG2 hamster cells produce a defective murine sarcoma virus lacking gp70 and, consequently, viral surface projections (knobs), but the lack of knobs appears to have no effect on intramembrane particle distribution. In addition, it has been noted that the core of the virus remains in the "immature" form as a result of the failure of the polyprotein precursor (p65) to undergo cleavage. However, incubation of HTG2 virus with avian myoblastosis virus was found to yield specific cleavage products of p65.</jats:p

Application of freeze-drying intact cells to studies of murine oncornavirus morphogenesis

Using a method for freeze-drying intact cells, uninfected and murine leukemia virus (MuLV)-infected JLSV9 cell surfaces, as well as murine mammary tumor virus (MuMTV)-infected cell surfaces, were examined by electron microscopy. The 10-nm knobs of MuLV and the 5-nm spikes of MuMTV were clearly revealed on the surfaces of budding viruses and were also found dispersed over the cell surface. The MuLV knobs are randomly arranged on the virus surface, whereas the MuMTV spikes are much more ordered. Because freeze-fractured budding viral envelopes are devoid of intramembranous particles, the observed surface particles do not appear to be merely accentuated intramembranous particles. This technique should permit further analysis of the morphogenesis of viral envelopes without the need for externally applied labels.</jats:p