Soil–strain compatibility: the key to effective use of arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculants?

Consistency of response to arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) inoculation is required for efficient use of AM fungi in plant production. Here, we found that the response triggered in plants by an AM strain depends on the properties of the soil where it is introduced. Two data sets from 130 different experiments assessing the outcome of a total of 548 replicated single inoculation trials conducted either in soils with a history of (1) high input agriculture (HIA; 343 replicated trials) or (2) in more pristine soils from coffee plantations (CA; 205 replicated trials) were examined. Plant response to inoculation with different AM strains in CA soils planted with coffee was related to soil properties associated with soil types. The strains Glomus fasciculatum-like and Glomus etunicatum-like were particularly performant in soil relatively rich in nutrients and organic matter. Paraglomus occultum and Glomus mosseae-like performed best in relatively poor soils, and G. mosseae and Glomus manihotis did best in soils of medium fertility. Acaulospora scrobiculata, Diversispora spurca, G. mosseae-like, G. mosseae and P. occultum stimulated coffee growth best in Chromic, Eutric Alluvial Cambisol, G. fasciculatum-like and G. etunicatum-like in Calcaric Cambisol and G. manihotis, in Chromic, Eutric Cambisols. Acaulospora scrobiculata and Diversispora spurca strains performed best in Chromic Alisols and Rodic Ferralsols. There was no significant relationship between plant response to AM fungal strains and soil properties in the HIA soil data set, may be due to variation induced by the use of different host plant species and to modification of soil properties by a history of intensive production. Consideration of the performance of AM fungal strains in target soil environments may well be the key for efficient management of the AM symbiosis in plant production

Preliminary evaluation of a freeze dried mukteswar Newcastle disease vaccine

The preparation of a freeze dried mukteswar Newcastle Disease vaccinc is described. Chicken which had been vaccinated toitli the ‘F’ Newcastle Disease vaccine and subsequently re-vaccinated with this vaccine were resistant when challenged either intranasally or intramuscularly or by contact with the virulent Newcastle Disease virus. Chickens revaccinated with this vacciue at 6 weeks old resisted challenge up to 20 weeks of age. The merits of the vacciuc is discusse

A preliminary study on the efficacy of the V4 Newcastle disease vaccine when administered through drinking water and as aerosols

Vaccinatioll of chickens by the intranasal, aerosol or the drinking water method at 14 and 35 days old stimulated satisfactory haemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody response which persisted for 9 weeks. The antibody response to aerosol or intranasal vacr.ination was slightly higher than the drinking water vaccination at the time of challenge. Chickens oaccinated by intranasal or aerosol or drinking zoater method were resistant when challenged with the virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV)

The immune response of maternally immune chickens vaccinated with the Australian V4 Newcastle disease vaccine

Vaccination of congenitally immune chickens at 1 and 21 days old with the Australian V4 Newcastle disease vaccine by drinking water and intranasal methods induces variable degrees of antibody responses and resistance against challenge with virulent NDV. Vaccination of chickens at one day old failed to induce any stimulation of HI antibodies. A significant amnestic response was observed when the chickens were revaccinated at 21 days with 5 doses of the vaccine through drinking water. The chickens were not fully protected when challenge at 35 and 63 days old. The degree of protection declines with the age of the chickens. Chickens vaccinated by the drinking water method were better protected than chickens vaccinated intranasally

Microsimulation of Space Time Trellis Code

Currently, the potential of microsimulation in space time trellis code has not been thoroughly ascertained. Therefore, this letter explores the possibility of using microsimulation in performing a pairwise comparison between competing generator matrices in code design. The validation of code construction is often done with simulation, which can be inherently time consuming. Microsimulation considerably cuts down the computational cost of simulation by employing smaller data and iteration. The effort is made feasible with the assistance of a machine learning model known as multilayer perceptron. When properly conducted, it can offer 93.86% accuracy and 98.25% reduction in temporal cost.Comment: 5 pages, 5 figures, 5 table

THE RESPONSE OF AUSTRALIAN CHICKENS NATURALLY INFECTED WITH AVIRULENT NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS TO CHALLENGE WITH VELOGENIC NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS

SUMMARY Sixty‐eight breeder chickens, 4 to 12 months of age, were taken from Australian flocks that had been naturally infected with avirulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and transported by air to Malaysia. Nearly all the breeders had haemagglutination inhibition antibodies to NDV, at titres of from 2 to 128. Thirty‐two were inoculated intranasally with an Asian, velogenic, viscerotropic strain of NDV and all survived this challenge. Thirty‐six were exposed to contact infection with the same velogenic NDV and 2 died of Newcastle disease within 14 days. The levels of haemagglutination inhibition antibodies against NDV increased in the surviving breeders after challenge, reaching 2048 or greater in a few birds. Velogenic NDV was isolated from a cloacal swab from one clinically normal breeder 10 days after challenge by contact. Cloacal swabs taken 7 to 10 days after challenge from another 23 breeders yielded no NDV. Twenty‐four broilers, 7 weeks of age, were also transported from Australia to Malaysia. All lacked detectable haemagglutination inhibition antibody to NDV and they were from a flock with no detectable antibody to NDV. Twelve were challenged with velogenic NDV intranasally and 12 were subjected to contact challenge. All broilers died of Newcastle disease within 13 days

Transcriptional Landscape of Cardiomyocyte Maturation

Decades of progress in developmental cardiology has advanced our understanding of the early aspects of heart development, including cardiomyocyte (CM) differentiation. However, control of the CM maturation that is subsequently required to generate adult myocytes remains elusive. Here, we analyzed over 200 microarray datasets from early embryonic to adult hearts and identified a large number of genes whose expression shifts gradually and continuously during maturation. We generated an atlas of integrated gene expression, biological pathways, transcriptional regulators, and gene regulatory networks (GRNs), which show discrete sets of key transcriptional regulators and pathways activated or suppressed during CM maturation. We developed a GRN-based program named MatStatCM that indexes CM maturation status. MatStatCM reveals that pluripotent-stem-cell-derived CMs mature early in culture but are arrested at the late embryonic stage with aberrant regulation of key transcription factors. Our study provides a foundation for understanding CM maturation

The response of Australian chickens naturally infected with avirulent Newcastle disease virus to challenge with velogenic Newcastle disease virus

Sixty-eight breeder chickens, 4 to 12 months of age, were taken from Australian flocks that had been naturally infected with avirulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and transported by air to Malaysia. Nearly all the breeders had haemagglutination inhibition antibodies to NDV, at titres of from 2 to 128. Thirty-two were inoculated intranasally with an Asian, velogenic, viscerotropic strain of NDV and all survived this challenge. Thirty-six were exposed to contact infection with the same velogenic NDV and 2 died of Newcastle disease within 14 days. The levels of haemagglutination inhibition antibodies against NDV increased in the surviving breeders after challenge, reaching 2048 or greater in a few birds. Velogenic NDV was isolated from a cloacal swab from one clinically normal breeder 10 days after challenge by contact. Cloacal swabs taken 7 to 10 days after challenge from another 23 breeders yielded no NDV. Twenty-four broilers, 7 weeks of age, were also transported from Australia to Malaysia. All lacked detectable haemagglutination inhibition antibody to NDV and they were from a flock with no detectable antibody to NDV. Twelve were challenged with velogenic NDV intranasally and 12 were subjected to contact challenge. All broilers died of Newcastle disease within 13 days