Mechanistic investigations into the cyclopropanation of electron deficient alkenes with ethyl diazoacetate using [Co(MeTAA)]

A detailed mechanistic study of the cyclopropanation of electron-deficient alkenes, namely methyl acrylate with ethyl diazoacetate (EDA), was carried out, aiming at understanding both the superior activity and the higher sensitivity of the cobalt(II) tetramethyldibenzotetraaza[14]annulene [Co(MeTAA)] catalyst as compared with cobalt(II) tetraphenylporphyrin [Co(TPP)]. Cobalt(III)-carbene radicals were demonstrated to be present as key intermediates in the reaction, using a combination of kinetic studies, experimental EPR spin-trapping experiments, and supporting DFT studies. Reaction progress was monitored in real time by observing N2 formation and measuring its partial pressure under isothermal conditions. Reaction progress kinetic analysis (RPKA) was used to analyze the experimental data. Results showed that the reaction is first-order in both [catalyst] and [EDA] and zero-order in [methyl acrylate], in agreement with the DFT-calculated mechanism. The calculated activation parameters corresponding to the rate-determining step of the reaction are in agreement with the experimental values, thus providing strong support for the proposed metalloradical mechanism

Diastereoselective Radical-Type Cyclopropanation of Electron-Deficient Alkenes Mediated by the Highly Active Cobalt(II) Tetramethyltetraaza[14]annulene Catalyst

A new protocol for the catalytic synthesis of cyclopropanes using electron‐deficient alkenes is presented, which is catalysed by a series of affordable, easy to synthesise and highly active substituted cobalt(II) tetraaza[14]annulenes. These catalysts are compatible with the use of sodium tosylhydrazone salts as precursors to diazo compounds in one‐pot catalytic transformations to afford the desired cyclopropanes in almost quantitative yields. The reaction takes advantage of the metalloradical character of the Co complexes to activate the diazo compounds. The reaction is practical and fast, and proceeds from readily available starting materials. It does not require the slow addition of diazo reagents or tosylhydrazone salts or heating and tolerates many solvents, which include protic ones such as MeOH. The CoII complexes derived from the tetramethyltetraaza[14]annulene ligand are easier to prepare than cobalt(II) porphyrins and present a similar catalytic carbene radical reactivity but are more active. The reaction proceeds at 20 °C in a matter of minutes and even at −78 °C in a few hours. The catalytic system is robust and can operate with either the alkene or the diazo reagent as the limiting reagent, which inhibits the dimerisation of diazo compounds totally. The protocol has been applied to synthesise a variety of substituted cyclopropanes. High yields and selectivities were achieved for various substrates with an intrinsic preference for trans cyclopropanes

Postchikungunya Chronic Inflammatory Rheumatism

A 65-year-old male resident of Guatemala presented with a 5-month history of distal symmetric arthritis and generalized fatigue. This was associated with night sweats, chills, and weight loss. Symptoms were refractory to oral prednisone and hydroxychloroquine