A Turke turn'd Quaker: conversion from Islam to radical dissent in early modern England

The study of the relationship between the anglophone and Islamic worlds in the seventeenth century has been the subject of increas- ing interest in recent years, and much attention has been given to the cultural anxiety surrounding “Turning Turke”, conversion from Christianity to Islam, especially by English captives on the Barbary coast. Conversion in the other direction has attracted far less scrutiny, not least because it appears to have been far less com- mon. Conversion from Islam to any form of radical dissent has attracted no scholarship whatsoever, probably because it has been assumed to be non-existent. However, the case of Bartholomew Cole provides evidence that such conversions did take place, and examining the life of this “Turke turn’d Quaker” provides an insight into the dynamics of cross-cultural conversion of an exceptional kind

Evaluation of SLAKES, a smartphone application for quantifying aggregate stability, in soils with contrasting managements

The measurement of aggregate stability is an important indicator of soil quality and is widely used for monitoring soil condition. The SLAKES mobile app is an alternative tool to laboratory-based methods to measure soil aggregate stability. It provides aggregate stability measurements through Slaking Index (SI) with SI close to 0 suggesting high stability and values above 7 suggesting minimum stability. As the duration of this low-cost experiment is only 10 minutes, SLAKES is very attractive for scientists and no-scientists. SLAKES was implemented in Australia and has proven its efficiency in several studies.This study was conducted to determine whether the SLAKES mobile app could be adapted to French soils and then could be an alternative to the Mean Weight Diameter (MWD) method, normalized in France (ISO 10390). More specifically, the three main objectives were: (i) determining whether the aggregate stability measurements depend on the phones used for the experiment, (ii) estimating the number of measurements necessary to get reliable results, (iii) determining whether the app has the ability to detect the effect of contrasting soil managements previously shown using the MWD method.The study was performed on silty loam soils from EFELE (Effluents d’Elevage et Environnement) experimental site at le Rheu (Brittany, France) which is part of the French “Organic Residues” research observatory (SOERE PRO). The experimental design combines two different tillage practices (conventional tillage and shallow tillage) with two fertilizer treatments (mineral and organic (cattle manure)) randomly replicated three times. Soil samples were collected in March 2017 at both 0-15 cm and 15-25 cm depth from the 12 plots. The SI was measured on three aggregates simultaneously and this measurement was repeated 15 times for each sample which provided 45 SI per sample. Outliers above SI=11 were removed before statistical treatments. Four different phones of the same brand and generation were used to measure SI.An analysis of variance showed that the effect of the smartphone on SI measurements was not significant (p-value = 0.73, 0.88, 0.067 for 3 different samples). The SLAKES results showed comparable significant separation of means (p < 0.0001) between each soil management than the MWD method. According to the results of an analysis of variance, SI was significantly lower in reduced tillage than in conventional tillage condition (p-value = 2.10-16). These results indicate a higher soil stability in reduced tillage. Yet, the analysis of variance did not underline any effect of fertilization on the SI (p-value = 0.28), as previously found with the MWD method.This study proved that a relatively simple mobile app can detect the effect of soil management practices on aggregate stability with a similar performance than the MWD method. This conclusion was reinforced by the existing correlation between the SI and the MWD index (p-value = 0.00059, R2 = 0.39). We recommend to perform similar experiments on other sampling campaigns or in other pedological and soil management contexts taking at least 15 measures per sample

Evaluation of SLAKES, a new smartphone technology for measuring aggregate stability: a case study in silty loam soils with contrasted managements

International audienceThe measurement of aggregate stability is widely used to evaluate soil condition being an important indicator of soil quality. The SLAKES mobile app, implemented in Australia, is an alternative tool to measure soil aggregate stability avoiding high-cost experiments and using simple equipment. It provides aggregate stability measurements through Slaking Index (SI) in only 10 minutes. SI close to 0 suggests a high stability and values above 7 indicate minimum stability. As SLAKES has proven its efficiency in previous studies, the app could be very attractive for scientists and no-scientists.This study was conducted to determine whether the SLAKES mobile app could be adapted to French soils and spread out. Indeed, it then could be an alternative to the Mean Weight Diameter (MWD) method, method normalized in France (ISO 10390). More specifically, this study explored three main objectives: (i) determining whether the aggregate stability measurements depend on the phone used for the experiment, (ii) estimating the number of measurements necessary to get reliable results, (iii) determining whether the app has the ability to detect the effect of contrasting soil managements (effects previously shown with the MWD method).We measured SI for 24 silty loam samples from EFELE (Effluents d’Elevage et Environnement) experimental site at le Rheu (Brittany, France) which is part of the French “Organic waste products” research observatory (SOERE PRO). The experimental scheme combines two different tillage practices (conventional tillage and shallow tillage) with two fertilization treatments (mineral and farm effluent: cattle manure) randomly replicated three times. Soil samples, at both 0-15 cm and 15-25 cm depth, were collected in March 2017 from the 12 plots.Four different mobile devices (phones) of the same brand and generation were used. The SI was measured on three aggregates simultaneously. This process was repeated 15 times for each sample providing 45 SI per sample. Before statistical studies, outliers above SI=11 were removed.First, the device used did not affect the SI measurements. This was demonstrated by analyses of variance applied on 3 results from three contrasted samples in terms of SI.The SLAKES results were comparable with the results obtained by the MWD method regarding significant separation of means (p < 0.0001) between each soil management. According to the results of an analysis of variance, SI was significantly lower in reduced tillage than in conventional tillage condition (p-value = 2.10-16). These results indicate a higher soil stability in reduced tillage. Yet, no effect of fertilization was observed on the SI (p-value = 0.28), confirming the previous findings obtained with the MWD method.This study proved that some effect of soil management practices can be detected with a mobile app and a relatively simple experimental system, with similar performance than the MWD method. This conclusion was reinforced by the existing correlation between the SI and the MWD index (p-value = 0.00059, R2 = 0.39). Since, we studied samples with identical texture, we recommend to perform similar tests in other pedological and soil management contexts, taking at least 15 measures per soil sample

Evaluation of SLAKES, a new smartphone technology for measuring aggregate stability: a case study in silty loam soils with contrasted managements

International audienceThe measurement of aggregate stability is widely used to evaluate soil condition being an important indicator of soil quality. The SLAKES mobile app, implemented in Australia, is an alternative tool to measure soil aggregate stability avoiding high-cost experiments and using simple equipment. It provides aggregate stability measurements through Slaking Index (SI) in only 10 minutes. SI close to 0 suggests a high stability and values above 7 indicate minimum stability. As SLAKES has proven its efficiency in previous studies, the app could be very attractive for scientists and no-scientists.This study was conducted to determine whether the SLAKES mobile app could be adapted to French soils and spread out. Indeed, it then could be an alternative to the Mean Weight Diameter (MWD) method, method normalized in France (ISO 10390). More specifically, this study explored three main objectives: (i) determining whether the aggregate stability measurements depend on the phone used for the experiment, (ii) estimating the number of measurements necessary to get reliable results, (iii) determining whether the app has the ability to detect the effect of contrasting soil managements (effects previously shown with the MWD method).We measured SI for 24 silty loam samples from EFELE (Effluents d’Elevage et Environnement) experimental site at le Rheu (Brittany, France) which is part of the French “Organic waste products” research observatory (SOERE PRO). The experimental scheme combines two different tillage practices (conventional tillage and shallow tillage) with two fertilization treatments (mineral and farm effluent: cattle manure) randomly replicated three times. Soil samples, at both 0-15 cm and 15-25 cm depth, were collected in March 2017 from the 12 plots.Four different mobile devices (phones) of the same brand and generation were used. The SI was measured on three aggregates simultaneously. This process was repeated 15 times for each sample providing 45 SI per sample. Before statistical studies, outliers above SI=11 were removed.First, the device used did not affect the SI measurements. This was demonstrated by analyses of variance applied on 3 results from three contrasted samples in terms of SI.The SLAKES results were comparable with the results obtained by the MWD method regarding significant separation of means (p < 0.0001) between each soil management. According to the results of an analysis of variance, SI was significantly lower in reduced tillage than in conventional tillage condition (p-value = 2.10-16). These results indicate a higher soil stability in reduced tillage. Yet, no effect of fertilization was observed on the SI (p-value = 0.28), confirming the previous findings obtained with the MWD method.This study proved that some effect of soil management practices can be detected with a mobile app and a relatively simple experimental system, with similar performance than the MWD method. This conclusion was reinforced by the existing correlation between the SI and the MWD index (p-value = 0.00059, R2 = 0.39). Since, we studied samples with identical texture, we recommend to perform similar tests in other pedological and soil management contexts, taking at least 15 measures per soil sample

Evaluation of SLAKES, a new smartphone technology for measuring aggregate stability: a case study in silty loam soils with contrasted managements

International audienceThe measurement of aggregate stability is widely used to evaluate soil condition being an important indicator of soil quality. The SLAKES mobile app, implemented in Australia, is an alternative tool to measure soil aggregate stability avoiding high-cost experiments and using simple equipment. It provides aggregate stability measurements through Slaking Index (SI) in only 10 minutes. SI close to 0 suggests a high stability and values above 7 indicate minimum stability. As SLAKES has proven its efficiency in previous studies, the app could be very attractive for scientists and no-scientists.This study was conducted to determine whether the SLAKES mobile app could be adapted to French soils and spread out. Indeed, it then could be an alternative to the Mean Weight Diameter (MWD) method, method normalized in France (ISO 10390). More specifically, this study explored three main objectives: (i) determining whether the aggregate stability measurements depend on the phone used for the experiment, (ii) estimating the number of measurements necessary to get reliable results, (iii) determining whether the app has the ability to detect the effect of contrasting soil managements (effects previously shown with the MWD method).We measured SI for 24 silty loam samples from EFELE (Effluents d’Elevage et Environnement) experimental site at le Rheu (Brittany, France) which is part of the French “Organic waste products” research observatory (SOERE PRO). The experimental scheme combines two different tillage practices (conventional tillage and shallow tillage) with two fertilization treatments (mineral and farm effluent: cattle manure) randomly replicated three times. Soil samples, at both 0-15 cm and 15-25 cm depth, were collected in March 2017 from the 12 plots.Four different mobile devices (phones) of the same brand and generation were used. The SI was measured on three aggregates simultaneously. This process was repeated 15 times for each sample providing 45 SI per sample. Before statistical studies, outliers above SI=11 were removed.First, the device used did not affect the SI measurements. This was demonstrated by analyses of variance applied on 3 results from three contrasted samples in terms of SI.The SLAKES results were comparable with the results obtained by the MWD method regarding significant separation of means (p < 0.0001) between each soil management. According to the results of an analysis of variance, SI was significantly lower in reduced tillage than in conventional tillage condition (p-value = 2.10-16). These results indicate a higher soil stability in reduced tillage. Yet, no effect of fertilization was observed on the SI (p-value = 0.28), confirming the previous findings obtained with the MWD method.This study proved that some effect of soil management practices can be detected with a mobile app and a relatively simple experimental system, with similar performance than the MWD method. This conclusion was reinforced by the existing correlation between the SI and the MWD index (p-value = 0.00059, R2 = 0.39). Since, we studied samples with identical texture, we recommend to perform similar tests in other pedological and soil management contexts, taking at least 15 measures per soil sample

Évaluation d’une nouvelle méthode de mesure de la stabilité structurale des sols basée sur une application smartphone

National audienceLa battance et l'érosion des sols cultivés résultent essentiellement de la désagrégation des mottes de terre et du détachement de fragments de sol sous l'action des pluies. Le comportement physique d’un sol soumis à l’action de l’eau est évalué en réalisant des tests de stabilité structurale. De nombreuses méthodes de mesure de la stabilité structurale ont été proposées, et l’une d’elle a été normalisée ISO après des travaux menés au sein du Département Environnement et Agronomie de l’INRA (« NF-ISO10930-2012. Qualité du sol — Mesure de la stabilité d'agrégats de sols soumis à l'action de l'eau »).L’université de Sydney (Australie) a proposé récemment une nouvelle méthode de mesure de la stabilité structurale, en utilisant un algorithme de reconnaissance d’images dynamique qu'elle a implémenté dans un logiciel pour téléphone portable : Slakes. Cette application est ainsi disponible sur Google Play. Son protocole est simple et accessible au grand public. L’objectif de cette étude est d'évaluer la fiabilité de cette nouvelle méthode dans un contexte agro-pédologique et climatique plus large que son cadre initial de test (Australie), en la comparant sur un ensemble cohérent de sites à des mesures de la stabilité structurale selon la méthode normalisée ISO . Nous avons également recherché des liens entre la mesure de la stabilité structurale selon les deux méthodes et les propriétés des sols. Enfin, nous proposons un référentiel d'interprétation à partir d'un grand nombre de mesures effectuées sur des sols collectés à différentes échelles : nationale avec les sols du Réseau de Mesures de la Qualité des Sols, régionale avec les sols du projet Sols de Bretagne et enfin locale avec des sols collectées au sein d'un bassin versant en Touraine

Évaluation d’une nouvelle méthode de mesure de la stabilité structurale des sols basée sur une application smartphone

National audienceLa battance et l'érosion des sols cultivés résultent essentiellement de la désagrégation des mottes de terre et du détachement de fragments de sol sous l'action des pluies. Le comportement physique d’un sol soumis à l’action de l’eau est évalué en réalisant des tests de stabilité structurale. De nombreuses méthodes de mesure de la stabilité structurale ont été proposées, et l’une d’elle a été normalisée ISO après des travaux menés au sein du Département Environnement et Agronomie de l’INRA (« NF-ISO10930-2012. Qualité du sol — Mesure de la stabilité d'agrégats de sols soumis à l'action de l'eau »).L’université de Sydney (Australie) a proposé récemment une nouvelle méthode de mesure de la stabilité structurale, en utilisant un algorithme de reconnaissance d’images dynamique qu'elle a implémenté dans un logiciel pour téléphone portable : Slakes. Cette application est ainsi disponible sur Google Play. Son protocole est simple et accessible au grand public. L’objectif de cette étude est d'évaluer la fiabilité de cette nouvelle méthode dans un contexte agro-pédologique et climatique plus large que son cadre initial de test (Australie), en la comparant sur un ensemble cohérent de sites à des mesures de la stabilité structurale selon la méthode normalisée ISO . Nous avons également recherché des liens entre la mesure de la stabilité structurale selon les deux méthodes et les propriétés des sols. Enfin, nous proposons un référentiel d'interprétation à partir d'un grand nombre de mesures effectuées sur des sols collectés à différentes échelles : nationale avec les sols du Réseau de Mesures de la Qualité des Sols, régionale avec les sols du projet Sols de Bretagne et enfin locale avec des sols collectées au sein d'un bassin versant en Touraine