Histopathological Changes Caused by Parasites in Carangoides Bajad Fish in the Red Sea, Jeddah

This research focused on discovering parasites in the fish Carangoides bajad (orange-spotted trevally) (Forsskal, 1775) that were captured from the Red Sea off Saudi Arabia. Carangoides bajad (n = 120) were collected during the spring and summer of 2019. Internal parasites were extracted and subjected to parasitological analyses and fish intestines were subjected to histopathological analyses. The average length and weight of Carangoides bajad were 39.88 ± 8.7 cm and 1.68 ± 0.58 kg, respectively. We identified Anisakis (17.5%), Lecithocladium (23.33%), and Bucephalus spp (29.17%) in the infected fish. Female fish outnumbered males, suggesting that sex significantly influence the prevalence of parasitic infections. Parasites, or evidence of parasitic infection, were not detected in small fish (weighing 0.5–0.90 kg or 1.0–1.49 kg, and 20.0–29.9-cm long). Similarly, the values of Fulton’s condition factor (K) ranged between 3.0–3.99 and 4.0–4.99, supporting the conclusion that these small fish were not infected with parasites. The data on larger fish (weighing 1.5–1.90 kg or 2.0–2.49 kg or 2.5–2.99 kg and length 20.0–29.9 cm or 30.0–39.9 cm or 40.0–49.9 cm or 50.0–59.9 cm) reveal that parasitic infections significantly influenced the length, weight, and Fulton’s condition factor (K) according to the prevalence and intensity of infection of Carangoides bajad. Histopathological examination revealed intestinal tissue damage; and 45% of inflamed tissues involved swelling of the intestinal villi. Further, we observed separation of the mucosal epithelia from the submucosa, proliferation of goblet cells, and lymphocyte infiltration accompanied by atrophy and lysis of intestinal villi. The present study demonstrates infection of Carangoides bajad with three types of parasites and documents their deleterious effects

Disturbance in Some Fertility Biomarkers Induced and Changes in Testis Architecture by Chronic Exposure to Various Dosages of Each of Nonylphenol or Bisphenol A and Their Mix

This investigation was conducted to demonstrate the potential impacts of different doses of Bisphenol A (BPA) or Nonylphenol (NP) and their mixtures on some biological activities in male albino rats. Seventy male albino rats were allocated to the control group (GI) and were given 1 mL of ethanol. G II and G III were given 100 mg/kg of each of BPA and NP, G IV and G V were given 25 mg/kg of each of BPA and NP, G VI was given a high dose of BPA and NP, and G VII was given a low dose of BPA and NP. All animals were treated orally for 60 days. Serum biomarkers of oxidative stress, antioxidants, immune-inflammatory mediators, and apoptotic markers were determined, as well as a histopathological examination of the testis at the end of the experimental period. The results obtained showed a pronounced increase in malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl (PC), and 4-hydroxynonenol (4-HNE), concomitant with a significant reduction in serum Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase enzyme (CAT), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in all treated groups. A significant elevation in TNF Alpha, TNF Beta, and Caspase 3 serum was recorded individually and in the groups treated with high doses. The disturbance is represented by histological damage in the testis in the germinal epithelium and a decrease in spermatozoa inside the lumen of seminiferous tubules. The effects on testis tissues were dose-dependent, pronounced in mixture doses, and remarkable in higher doses. In conclusion, exposure to BPA and NP strongly impacts antioxidants, immune-inflammatory mediators, and testis tissue architecture. Furthermore, the data from this investigation support the idea that exposure to BPA and NP in daily life has multiple damages